IGNOU BANC 114 Solved Assignment 2022-23

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IGNOU BANC 114 Solved Assignment 2022-23

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Submission Date :

  • 31st March 2033 (if enrolled in the July 2033 Session)
  • 30th Sept, 2033 (if enrolled in the January 2033 session).

There are three Sections in the Assignment. Answer all the questions in all the three sections.

Answer any two of the following questions in about 500 words each. Each question carries 20 marks in Assignment one. 

Answer the following questions in the about 250 words. Each question carries 10 marks in Assignment three. 


Assignment –I

Answer any two of the following questions in about 500 words each. 20×2

1. Discuss briefly the various approaches to study Indian society and culture.

Some of the main approaches to study social change in India are as follows: 

Yogendra Singh in his early writings on social change talked of three approaches to the study of nature and process of social change in In­dia: philosophico-historical and metaphysical approach, historical and political approach, and social anthropological and sociological approach.

The source for the philosophico-historical approach was described as the Indian and the western philosophies. Indian philosophy and religion have proposed a philosophical theory of change characterised by cyclical rhythm in society. The foundation of this theory was belief in karma, dharma, and moksha.

At one time, this theory was much accepted but now it has almost waned because systematic analysis is not possible. So­cial change by the historico-political approach is studied through records of Indian history. For example, change in the caste system or change in the status of women is studied by systematic analysis of historical records pertaining to different periods.

The limitation of this approach lies in the fact that all historical records may not be available or the evidence may not be reliable. Consequently, reliance on this approach for sociological generalisations would be fallacious. The socio-anthropological approach was considered more systematic than the other two (metaphysical and historical) approaches.

The method in this approach is intensive field- work or participant observation. The theoretical propositions in this approach refer to a body of ethnographic data, either the result of one’s own or another’s fieldwork. The limitation of socio-anthropological ap­proach lies in the effort to generalise about the macrocosm on the basis of the microcosm. This is on the implicit assumption of ‘homogeneity’ and ‘universality’. But, in India, we find such heterogeneity and diversity.

As such, by studying change between two time-periods in a certain institu­tion (say family, caste, etc.) in one village, we cannot generalize that similar change takes place in other villages or in the whole Indian society as well. The weaknesses in the socio-anthropological approach are elimi­nated in the sociological approach. In sociological approach, the focus is on systematic empirical inquiries at macrocosmic level and generalizations are developed.

In his later writings on social change, Yogendra Singh (1977) has talked of five approaches in studying social change in India. These are: evolutionary approach, cultural approach (sanskritisation and westernisation, little and great traditions, and parochialisation and universalisation), structural approach (based on functional and dialectical models), ideological approach, and integration approach.

1. Evolutionary Approach:

In the evolutionary approach, gradual development is studied from sim­ple to complex form through a long series of small changes. Each change results in a minor modification of the system, but the cumulative effect of many changes over a long period of time is the emergence of new com­plex form. Within the evolutionary approach, the four sub-approaches used by different scholars are uni-linear, universal, cyclical, and multi-l­inear.

2. Conflict Approach:

According to this approach, economic change produces other changes through the mechanism of conflict between different parts of the social system. The reasoning behind viewing conflict as the cause of social change is that if there is consensus in society and if various sectors are in­tegrated, there is little pressure for change.

3. Cultural Approach:

In the cultural approach, change is studied by analysing changing cultural elements of society. Within this approach, M.N. Srinivas studied change through sanskritisation and westernisation processes; Robert Redfield through change in little and great traditions; and McKim Marriott through the process of parochialisation and universalisation.

4. Structural Approach:

This approach analyses change in the network of social relationships and in social structures (like castes, kinship, factory, administrative structures, etc.) These social relationships and structures are compared intra-culturally as well as cross-culturally. According to Yogendra Singh, a structural analysis of change consists of demonstrating the qualitative na­ture of new adaptations in the patterned relationships.

5. Integrated Approach:

Yogendra Singh feels that none of the above approaches pro­vides a comprehensive perspective on social change in India. He has, therefore, integrated a series of concepts relating to social change and de­veloped a new approach or paradigm, what he calls an ‘integrated approach’.


IGNOU BANC 114 Solved Assignment 2022-23

2. Describe the linguistic elements of Indian population.

India as a linguistic area
The languages in India (the Indian subcontinent), although belonging to different language families, show shared linguistic traits. These include retroflex sounds, SOV word order, absence of prepositions, morphological reduplication (expressives), echo formations, reduplicated verbal adverbs, explicator compound verbs, use of converbs, oblique marked subjects, morphological causatives among many others. Hence, India has been described as a linguistic area (Emeneau 1956; Kuiper 1967; Masica 2005).

Linguists have grappled with non-Aryan elements observed even in Vedic Sanskrit, the earliest attested stage of IA in the Indian subcontinent. These elements cannot be reconstructed for most other branches of the Indo-European language family or the Indo-Iranian sub-family. The general opinion has been that IA must have acquired these features from indigenous languages of the land, the Dravidian and Munda groups of languages. Emeneau (1956, 1970) and Kuiper (1967, 1990), for example, ascribed the occurrence of retroflex sounds, non-finite verb forms and the quotative construction iti in Rgvedic Sanskrit to the influence of Dravidian languages. Evidence of borrowed vocabulary and linguistic structure between languages generates an inference of contact between the speech communities. While the content of the borrowed vocabulary often provides direct evidence for the cultural areas of contact, the quantity and types of borrowed material may provide evidence of the intensity (social integration among groups in contact), range (proportion of each group which is involved in contact) and dynamics (processes of change in the context of the interrelations among the speech communities in contact) of contact (Southworth 2005a: 98–99). The presumed diffusion3 of linguistic traits from early Dravidian (as well as Munda and other languages which no longer exist) into early IA generated speculations about the nature of the sociolinguistic context of interaction among speakers of early IA and the ‘indigenous’ languages. The favoured explanation was that speakers of indigenous languages, in the process of shifting to the socially prestigious IA languages, carried over features of the shifting languages into IA. This is referred to as the substratum4 effect. The social setting for substratum effect is one of social inequality. The indigenous Dravidians were compelled to learn Sanskrit, the language of the IAs, presumably by the latter’s conquest of the land and social prestige. In the course of the shift, the structures of the latter’s language were carried over to the Sanskrit language. (A modern parallel to this change could be the influence of Indian languages on the English language brought to this land by the British colonizers.)

Historical linguistics: Methods, inferences and caveats
One of the important methods used in historical linguistics is the comparative method (the other method being ‘internal reconstruction’). The method entails comparing forms (words or morphological endings) in two or more languages with a view to discovering regularities of correspondence. For example, on comparing native words (not borrowed words) meaning ‘father’, ‘foot’ and ‘field/flat/broad’ in Sanskrit, Latin, Greek, Old English, Old Norse and Old German, one can see that where Sanskrit, Latin and Greek have /p/, Old English, Old Norse and Old German have /f/. Such regular sound correspondences establish relatedness of the languages (table 1). The next question to answer is whether /p/ or /f/ was the original sound. Here general knowledge about linguistic/ phonetic processes offers an answer. One could argue that the fricative is more likely to develop from a stop through a general process of weakening, rather than vice versa. Thus, the comparative method establishes the relatedness of two or more languages which have presumably descended from a common ancestor language. The evidence can now be used to reconstruct the proto-form in the parent language (shown in table 2). Here, cognates meaning ‘ten’ in Latin, Greek, Sanskrit and Gothic are compared and the form *dekm is reconstructed for the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) language.


Assignment –II

Answer the following questions in about 250 words each. 10×2

3. Distinguish the concept of Varna and Caste. 
4. Briefly describe the concept Nature-Man-Spirit Complex


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IGNOU BANC 114 Solved Assignment 2022-23

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Answer any two of the following questions in about 150 words each. 5×2

5. History of village studies. 
6. Dalits movements


Assignment –III

Answer the following questions in the about 250 words 10×3=30

7. Urban Anthropology. 10
8. Briefly discuss about the fieldwork tradition in India.


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IGNOU BANC 114 Solved Assignment 2022-2023 Download Free  Before attempting the assignment, please read the following instructions carefully.

  1. Read the detailed instructions about the assignment given in the Handbook and Programme Guide.
  2. Write your enrolment number, name, full address and date on the top right corner of the first page of your response sheet(s).
  3. Write the course title, assignment number and the name of the study centre you are attached to in the centre of the first page of your response sheet(s).
  4. Use only foolscap size paperfor your response and tag all the pages carefully
  5. Write the relevant question number with each answer.
  6. You should write in your own handwriting.



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IGNOU BANC 114 Solved Assignment 2022-23 You will find it useful to keep the following points in mind:

  1. Planning: Read the questions carefully. IGNOU BANC 114 Assignment 2022-23 Download Free Download PDF Go through the units on which they are based. Make some points regarding each question and then rearrange these in a logical order. And please write the answers in your own words. Do not reproduce passages from the units.
  2. Organisation: Be a little more selective and analytic before drawing up a rough outline of your answer. In an essay-type question, give adequate attention to your introduction and conclusion. IGNOU BANC 114 Solved Assignment 2022-2023 Download Free Download PDF The introduction must offer your brief interpretation of the question and how you propose to develop it. The conclusion must summarise your response to the question. In the course of your answer, you may like to make references to other texts or critics as this will add some depth to your analysis.
  3. Presentation: IGNOU BANC 114 Solved Assignment 2022-2023 Download Free Download PDF Once you are satisfied with your answers, you can write down the final version for submission, writing each answer neatly and underlining the points you wish to emphasize.

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IGNOU BANC 114 Solved Assignment 2022-23

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