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IGNOU MPA 011 Solved Assignment 2022-23 Download Free

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Submission Date :

• 31st March 2033 (if enrolled in the July 2033 Session)
• 30th Sept, 2033 (if enrolled in the January 2033 session).

This assignment consists of Sections I and II. There are five questions in each section. You have to answer a total of five questions in about 500 words each. It is necessary to attempt at least two questions from each section. Each question carries 20 marks

SECTION – A

1) Describe the role of the State in the globalisation context. 

INTRODUCTION
In the context of globalisation, the modern state is undergoing a tremendous transformation. Many forces unleashed by the global processes have affected the state as the centre of popular imagination. The nation-state has come to redefine its
relationship with its people at different levels. Though the sovereignty of state still remains important, it is severely constricted by fragmentation at the local level and integration at the global level.
The transformation of the nation-state in different regions of the world assumes different forms depending upon the specificity of regional formations. This lesson explains the multiple meanings of globalisation and its implications for the nation-state
in the first part. Later, it brings out different dimensions of the transformation of the nation-state.

The Role of the State in the Globalisation

The role of the nation-state in globalization is a complex one in part due to the varying definitions and shifting concepts of globalization. While it has been defined in many ways, globalization is generally recognized as the fading or complete disappearance of economic, social, and cultural borders between nation-states.

It is important to understand the basis of political empowerment of the nation-state in the modern age, and to reflect on its relatively brief history. The nation-state is described as citizens and government which operate within geographically distinct
borders. To warrant the hyphen, the nation-state requires a self-conscious belief on the part of its citizens that the collective has a power greater than the mere agglomeration of a given country’s population. The nation-state represents the citizen, gives him a sense of belonging to a coherent whole. It requires the marriage of civil administration and self-conscious patriotism. The nation-state embodies the hopes and aspirations of its citizens, who owe it allegiance.

Some scholars have theorized that nation-states, which are inherently divided by physical and economic boundaries, will be less relevant in a globalized world. While increasingly reduced barriers regarding international commerce and communication are sometimes seen as a potential threat to nation-states, these trends have existed throughout history. IGNOU MPA 011 Assignment 2022-23 Download Free

Air and sea transportation that made same-day travel to other continents possible and greatly expanded trade among countries did not abolish the sovereignty of individual nations. Instead, globalization is a force that changed the way nation-states deal with one another, particularly in the area of international commerce. Globalization Favors Westernization One commonly recognized effect of globalization is that it favors Westernization, meaning that other nation-states are at a disadvantage when dealing with the Americas and Europe.

This is particularly true in the agricultural industry, in which second- and third-world nations face competition from Western companies. Another potential effect is that nation-states are forced to examine their economic policies in light of the many challenges and opportunities that multinational corporations and other entities of international commerce present.

Multinational corporations, in particular, challenge nation-states to confront the unique issue of foreign direct investments, forcing nation-states to determine how much international influence they allow in their economies. Globalization also creates a sense of interdependence among nations, which could create an imbalance of power among nations of different economic strengths.

Conclusion 

Neither the nation nor the state is about to disappear as a result of global processes. For a start, there are no substitute structures that can perform all the functions traditionally associated with the nation-state. At the same time, people are not prepared to give up a state-centred nationalism altogether, because nationalism is historically embedded and culturally experienced. Even if they are prepared to give up, it is only to divide their loyalties increasingly on the lines of multiple identities.

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2) ‘The Liberal and Marxist perspectives are very important in understanding the nature of the State’. Discuss.

The State is a highly differentiated, specialised and complex institutional phenomenon. We have already dealt with the nature, purpose and evolution of the  State, more into the different viewpoints on the State. In modern western political thought, the State is usually identified with an impersonal and privileged legal or Constitutional order with the capability of administrating and controlling a given territory. The earliest expression of this conception could be traced to Rome in the ancient world, but it did not become a major object of concern/analysis until the development of the European State system from the 16th century onwards.

In modern societies, the relationship between the State, as the sphere of political authority and economy in which wealth is accumulated, goods and services produced and income distributed, is regarded as crucial to the overall pattern of relationships.
The most important issues concern the extent to which resources should be allocated by people who can control them through having money and the extent to which they should be allocated by the people who can control them through having political
authority. The State is seen as the only system of relationship, powerful and pervasive enough to control the dominance of commercial interests. An understanding of the State, therefore, is crucial to the grasp of 19th and 20thcentury political thought and practice. IGNOU MPA 011 Assignment 2022-23 Download Free

Even those traditions, which have reacted most critically against the State, such as Marxism or Anarchism, cannot but reflect on its profound significance. So much so that it can easily be said that the State is being slowly rediscovered by even those political theorists, who are working from a Marxist perspective. As far as the Liberal perspective is concerned, it is full of reflections on practices such as citizenship, family, property and rights usually within a broad overarching account of the State, its nature and purpose. Interestingly, despite centuries of analyses, thought and debate, social scientists have not yet reached anywhere close to agreement (nor is it necessary because of the very nature of the subject matter) on the essential nature, role, and character of the State.

Practically, it is now almost impossible to conceive life without it. Statehood not only represents a set of institutions but also a
body of attitudes, practices and codes of behaviour. State has subtly penetrated most of our lives. We begin and end our lives within its confines. Thus, besides being a complex concept, it is also an everyday reality that we cannot ignore as brought out so well by David Held (1998). He observes, “The State or apparatus of ‘Government’ appears to be everywhere. regulating the conditions of our lives from birth registration to death certification. Yet, the nature of the State is hard to grasp. This may seem
peculiar for something so pervasive in public and private life, but is precisely this pervasiveness which makes it difficult to understand. There is nothing more central to political and social theory than the nature of the State, and nothing more contested.”

THE LIBERAL PERSPECTIVE OF THE STATE

The Liberal perspective of the State is based on the philosophy of Liberalism, which broadly represents freedom, modernity and progress. Emerging around the same period as that of the evolution of the modern States, it came to signify the attempt to define a private sphere independent of the State. Gradually, Liberalism became associated with the doctrine that freedom of choice should be applied to matters as diverse as marriage, community, religion, economic and political affairs. In fact, to
everything that affects daily life.  In this view, the world consists of free and equal individuals with natural rights. The concern of politics should be the defence of the rights of these individuals in a way that must enable them to realise their own capacities.

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THE MARXIST PERSPECTIVE
The Marxist Perspective, also commonly regarded as the class theory of State, is basically a perspective, which has evolved from the writings of Karl Marx and Freiderick Engels and some other classic Marxist theoriticists such as Vladimir Lenin, L. Trotsky and A. Gramsci. It is worth remembering here that Marx did not offer a theoretical analysis of the State as such. His work on the State comprises a fragmented series of philosophical reflections, contemporary history, journalism and incidental remarks. It is not surprising, therefore, that Marx rarely focused directly on the complex concept of State. From the beginning, Marx made it clear that the point is not to contemplate or interpret the world, or the State, but to change it.
Therefore, it is difficult to acquire any clear unitary theory of the State from the diverse writings of Marx and Engels themselves. More so, because the emphasis of Marxism has not been to understand the State in itself, but rather to explain it as a
result of a more fundamental reality, which is usually economic in character. Thus, it is the functional role of the State within the economy, rather than its Constitutional or institutional form, which is significant. Basically, Marxism is a ‘praxis’ philosophy
mostly responding to immediate events and issues.

The closest Marx ever comes to a systematic treatment of the State is in his early work, “Introduction to a Critique of Hegal’s Philosophy of Right”, but there too, he engages in mainly negative criticism. It is intrinsic to Marxist perspective that the State is seen as a universal but temporary phenomenon which ultimately has to be done away with. Most of the Marxist writings have been directed to the fact that the ultimate end of history and class struggle is Communism, which has to be a Stateless condition.

There is an alternative ‘structuralist’ version that visualises autonomous administrative action within the parameters of capitalist interest serving. Such a reconstruction of Marxist theory has opened up new possibilities of a Marxist theory of Public Administration. Nicos Poulantzas , He rejects all forms of instrumentalism and opposes the argument that modern State is nothing more than a plain tool of monopoly Capitalism. He insiststhat the State is a complex social relation with an objective function of maintaining social cohesion so that capital accumulation can proceed unhindered. Poulantzas also criticises Miliband for analysing the State in terms of the individual human subjects who control it, rather than in relation to its structurally determined role in capitalist society. IGNOU MPA 011 Assignment 2022-23.

3) Highlight Gandhi’s views on ‘Swaraj’ model of polity. 
4) Define the concept of social equity and discuss the changing norms for citizen participation in public administration
5) Analyse the general parameters on gender issues.

SECTION – B

6) Discuss the role of bureaucracy in policy formulation. 
7) Highlight the impact of globalisation on developing countries.
8) ‘Contemporary bureaucratic paradigm is very different from the Weberian paradigm’ Comment.
9) Describe the good governance initiative in the Indian context. 
10) Discuss context of ethics and its significance for public administration.

 

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IGNOU MPA 011 Solved Assignment 2022-23 Download Free  Before attempting the assignment, please read the following instructions carefully.

1. Read the detailed instructions about the assignment given in the Handbook and Programme Guide.
2. Write your enrolment number, name, full address and date on the top right corner of the first page of your response sheet(s).
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