IGNOU BSOC 114 Solved Assignment 2022-23

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Submission Date :

31st March 2033 (if enrolled in the July 2033 Session)
30th Sept, 2033 (if enrolled in the January 2033 session).

Answer the following Descriptive Category Questions in about 500 words each. Each question carries 20 marks in Assignment I.

Answer the following Middle Category Questions in about 250 words each. Each question carries 10 marks in Assignment II.

Answer the following Short Category Questions in about 100 words each. Each question carries 6 marks in Assignment III.

Assignment I

1. What do you understand by ‘research’? Describe the different types of social research.

Social research is the study of social trends, dynamics and principles that exist between individuals and within societies. Professionals perform social research in order to better understand the social factors that motivate and influence human beings and to analyze how and why humans interact with each other.

This broad category of research includes topics in many social science fields, such as psychology, sociology and anthropology. Organizations may use social research to improve their marketing practices, and government institutions can use this research to inform legislature and other policies.

Types of social research

Researchers may refer to the approach used in their research as a type of research. Here are the four commonly referenced types of research:

1. Primary research

Primary research involves gathering new data through the creation of an experiment or study. When conducting social research, professionals may gather data through a variety of resources, including surveys, interviews and observations. After they gather data, researchers analyze it in order to generate conclusions that relate to their research question. For example, social scientists may perform a primary social research study in which they observe how humans interact under stressful circumstances.

2. Secondary research

Secondary research involves analyzing and generating conclusions from data that already exists. Researchers combine, organize and analyze information in order to generate new conclusions from preexisting data. For example, researchers may perform a secondary social research study that analyzes interviews from several studies of women before and after finding out they’re pregnant.

3. Qualitative research

Qualitative social research attempts to gather information through non-numerical means, such as observation and interviews. Researchers often conduct studies in a participant’s environment to increase trust and accuracy. Then, they analyze qualitative data by formulating themes from the observations and descriptions made during the research. For example, a social qualitative research study may involve observations and analysis of a single long-form interview of a death row inmate.

4. Quantitative research

Quantitative social research uses numerical data to arrive at conclusions. Researchers can collect this data with methods such as polls, surveys and questionnaires. Using these methods, researchers measure specific variables and analyze the data in order to find statistical results. For example, a social quantitative research study may involve measuring the amount of adrenaline produced by humans during stressful social situations.

Methods of social research

Researchers often decide the best way to study a specific social trend, principle or dynamic using a particular method. Some studies are best conducted by analyzing specific numerical data, while other studies are better suited to the analysis of detailed descriptions. Similarly, some studies are best done through primary research, while others are best done through secondary research. Here are some common methods of social research:

Case studies

Case studies are a type of qualitative research that involves an in-depth analysis of a particular individual, group or situation to analyze trends and establish themes. Researchers may conduct the interviews or observations for case studies, or they may analyze information that already exists. For example, a social research case study may involve analyzing the personality of a person who survived exposure to a severe amount of radiation to learn more about the long-term social and cognitive impacts of this incident

Focus groups

Researchers may facilitate focus groups to ask participants about specific topics and record their responses. Professionals then analyze the data, usually composed of participants’ feelings and opinions, in order to generate plausible conclusions. This method is qualitative, as the information gathered doesn’t involve any numerical data.

Structured interviews

This method involves asking research participants specific questions to gather information relevant to the research question. As opposed to a questionnaire or survey, this method is qualitative because it generates conclusions from the quality of the answers given during the interviews, not the quantity. For example, a researcher using a structured interview method may compose a panel to answer specific questions about a recent piece of legislation.

Longitudinal studies

These types of studies follow the same individuals throughout a long course of time, usually more than a few years, gathering specific data that relates to the study. These studies are more challenging to complete, as they require researchers and test subjects to take part in the study for many years. For example, researchers using a longitudinal study may conduct a 15-year observation and analysis of the academic achievements of adopted children and biological children.

2. Explain the importance of ethics in social research.

Many different disciplines, institutions, and professions have standards for behavior that suit their particular aims and goals. These standards also help members of the discipline to coordinate their actions or activities and to establish the public’s trust of the discipline. For instance, ethical standards govern conduct in medicine, law, engineering, and business. Ethical norms also serve the aims or goals of research and apply to people who conduct scientific research or other scholarly or creative activities. There is even a specialized discipline, research ethics, which studies these norms. See Glossary of Commonly Used Terms in Research Ethics.

There are several reasons why it is important to adhere to ethical norms in research. First, norms promote the aims of research, such as knowledge, truth, and avoidance of error. For example, prohibitions against fabricating, falsifying, or misrepresenting research data promote the truth and minimize error.

Second, since research often involves a great deal of cooperation and coordination among many different people in different disciplines and institutions, ethical standards promote the values that are essential to collaborative work, such as trust, accountability, mutual respect, and fairness. For example, many ethical norms in research, such as guidelines for authorship, copyright and patenting policies, data sharing policies, and confidentiality rules in peer review, are designed to protect intellectual property interests while encouraging collaboration. Most researchers want to receive credit for their contributions and do not want to have their ideas stolen or disclosed prematurely.

Third, many of the ethical norms help to ensure that researchers can be held accountable to the public. For instance, federal policies on research misconduct, conflicts of interest, the human subjects protections, and animal care and use are necessary in order to make sure that researchers who are funded by public money can be held accountable to the public.

Fourth, ethical norms in research also help to build public support for research. People are more likely to fund a research project if they can trust the quality and integrity of research.

Finally, many of the norms of research promote a variety of other important moral and social values, such as social responsibility, human rights, animal welfare, compliance with the law, and public health and safety. Ethical lapses in research can significantly harm human and animal subjects, students, and the public. For example, a researcher who fabricates data in a clinical trial may harm or even kill patients, and a researcher who fails to abide by regulations and guidelines relating to radiation or biological safety may jeopardize his health and safety or the health and safety of staff and students.

Assignment II

3. Discuss Malinowski’s contribution to fieldwork.
4. Compare census with survey.
5. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of observation technique.

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Assignment III

6. What is the significance of case study method in social science research?
7. What is ethnography?
8. Distinguish between discrete and continuous frequency distributions.
9. What do you understand by ‘research problem’?
10. What are the main features of questionnaire?

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