Free IGNOU MEG-15 Solved Assignment | For 2025-2026 Sessions | Comparative Literature : Theory and Practice | MEG

Q1 What is meant by Eurocentrism? Analyse the reactions to Eurocentrism after decolonisation. How did it shape Western Comparative Literature?

Eurocentrism refers to an intellectual, cultural, and historical perspective that places Europe at the centre of world history, culture, and knowledge. It assumes that European values, traditions, and achievements are universal standards against which other cultures should be measured. This perspective emerged strongly during the colonial period when European powers dominated large parts of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Eurocentrism influenced academic disciplines such as history, anthropology, literature, and philosophy, often portraying non-European societies as backward, primitive, or static while presenting Europe as progressive, rational, and modern.

Eurocentrism was not limited to political or economic dominance; it also shaped cultural and intellectual frameworks. European literary traditions, especially Greek, Latin, French, English, and German literature, were treated as the core of “world literature,” while literary traditions from Asia, Africa, and indigenous cultures were marginalized or ignored. Comparative Literature as a discipline in its early stages was heavily influenced by Eurocentric assumptions, focusing mainly on relationships between European literatures rather than global literary exchanges.

The roots of Eurocentrism can be traced to several historical developments.

• The Renaissance and Enlightenment promoted the idea of Europe as the centre of rationality and civilization.
  • Colonial expansion reinforced the belief in European superiority, as colonized societies were studied and represented from a European viewpoint.
  • The Industrial Revolution strengthened the perception that Europe represented progress and modernity.

After the process of decolonisation in the mid-20th century, strong reactions emerged against Eurocentrism. Decolonisation was not only a political movement but also an intellectual and cultural transformation. Newly independent nations began to question the narratives imposed by colonial powers and sought to reclaim their histories, cultures, and literary traditions.

One major reaction to Eurocentrism was the rise of postcolonial theory. Scholars such as Edward Said, Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, and Homi K. Bhabha critically examined how colonial discourse represented the East and other non-European regions. Edward Said’s concept of “Orientalism” demonstrated how Western scholarship constructed the East as exotic, irrational, and inferior in order to justify colonial domination. This critique exposed the ideological nature of Eurocentric knowledge and challenged the assumption that Western perspectives were neutral or universal.

Another important reaction was the revival and revaluation of indigenous cultures and literatures. Writers and scholars from Africa, Asia, and Latin America emphasized local traditions, oral narratives, and folk cultures. Literary works began to reflect indigenous worldviews, historical experiences, and cultural identities. This movement encouraged a pluralistic understanding of literature rather than a hierarchical model dominated by Europe.

Decolonisation also led to the emergence of national literatures in former colonies. Writers such as Chinua Achebe, Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o, and Salman Rushdie questioned colonial narratives and depicted the complexities of postcolonial societies. Achebe’s Things Fall Apart, for example, challenged the Eurocentric portrayal of African societies as uncivilized by presenting a nuanced and dignified depiction of Igbo culture.

In addition to literary movements, academic institutions also began to reassess Eurocentric curricula. Universities introduced courses on African, Asian, and Latin American literatures, and scholars began to study cross-cultural literary interactions beyond Europe. This shift contributed to the transformation of Comparative Literature as a discipline.

The influence of Eurocentrism on Western Comparative Literature was profound in its early stages.

• Comparative Literature initially focused on the study of classical Greek and Roman literature and later on major European languages such as French, German, and English.
  • The discipline often emphasized the influence of one European literature on another, neglecting non-European traditions.
  • Non-Western texts were frequently studied only in relation to European models rather than on their own terms.

However, reactions to Eurocentrism after decolonisation gradually reshaped the field. Comparative Literature began to adopt a more global and interdisciplinary approach. Scholars started to explore literary exchanges between different cultures, including those between Europe and the rest of the world. The concept of “World Literature” expanded to include texts from diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds.

Another significant change was the recognition of translation as a crucial element in literary exchange. Previously, translations often reflected Eurocentric biases, but modern scholars emphasize the importance of preserving cultural specificity and acknowledging the role of translators as mediators between cultures.

The shift away from Eurocentrism also encouraged the study of themes such as hybridity, diaspora, and cultural identity. These themes reflect the complex interactions between cultures in a globalized world. Comparative Literature now examines how literary works negotiate multiple identities and challenge fixed cultural boundaries.

Furthermore, interdisciplinary approaches became more common. Comparative Literature began to engage with anthropology, sociology, history, and cultural studies to understand literature in broader social and political contexts. This approach recognizes that literature is shaped by historical experiences such as colonialism, migration, and globalization.

Despite these changes, debates about Eurocentrism continue. Some critics argue that Western institutions still dominate global literary markets and academic publishing, influencing which authors and texts receive international recognition. Others emphasize the need for greater inclusion of marginalized voices and alternative literary traditions.

In conclusion, Eurocentrism refers to the tendency to view Europe as the centre of cultural and intellectual achievement, a perspective that significantly influenced early Comparative Literature. After decolonisation, strong reactions emerged in the form of postcolonial theory, the revival of indigenous literatures, and the restructuring of academic disciplines. These developments transformed Comparative Literature into a more inclusive and global field, although challenges remain in overcoming deeply rooted Eurocentric assumptions. The ongoing dialogue between different cultures continues to reshape the discipline and broaden our understanding of world literature.

Q2 What is magic realism? Define its key characteristics.

Magic realism, also known as magical realism, is a literary style in which magical or supernatural elements are presented as a natural and ordinary part of everyday reality. Unlike fantasy literature, where imaginary worlds and extraordinary events are clearly separated from reality, magic realism blends the real and the magical in a seamless manner. Characters in magic realist works often accept supernatural occurrences without surprise, and the narrative treats these events as part of the normal fabric of life.

The origins of magic realism can be traced to Latin American literature of the mid-20th century, although the term was first used in the context of visual arts. Writers such as Gabriel García Márquez, Alejo Carpentier, and Jorge Luis Borges played a crucial role in developing this literary mode. García Márquez’s novel One Hundred Years of Solitude is one of the most famous examples of magic realism, depicting a fictional town where extraordinary events coexist with historical and social realities.

Magic realism emerged partly as a response to colonial history and cultural hybridity in Latin America. The blending of indigenous myths, African traditions, and European influences created a worldview in which the boundaries between the natural and the supernatural were less rigid than in Western rationalist traditions. Magic realism provided a way to represent this cultural complexity and to challenge Western notions of reality.

Magic realism has several distinctive characteristics.

One key characteristic is the coexistence of the real and the magical. In magic realist narratives, supernatural events occur in otherwise realistic settings. These events are not explained scientifically or rationally; instead, they are accepted by characters as normal. This creates a unique narrative atmosphere in which the extraordinary becomes part of everyday life.

Another important feature is the matter-of-fact narrative tone. The narrator describes magical events in the same way as ordinary events, without emphasizing their strangeness. This narrative technique blurs the boundary between reality and imagination and encourages readers to question conventional definitions of reality.

Magic realism also often incorporates elements of myth, folklore, and oral traditions. Many magic realist works draw on indigenous legends, religious beliefs, and cultural rituals. These elements enrich the narrative and provide alternative perspectives on history and identity.

A further characteristic is the presence of multiple layers of reality. Magic realist texts frequently combine historical events, personal memories, and supernatural occurrences. Time may be cyclical rather than linear, and past, present, and future may overlap. This narrative structure reflects the complex relationship between history and memory.

Another significant feature is the emphasis on the marginalized or the oppressed. Magic realism often gives voice to communities that have been excluded from dominant historical narratives, such as indigenous peoples, rural populations, and colonized societies. By blending reality with myth and imagination, writers challenge official versions of history and highlight alternative perspectives.

The use of symbolic and allegorical elements is also common in magic realism. Magical events often carry deeper meanings related to political, social, or psychological themes. For example, recurring supernatural occurrences may symbolize collective trauma, cultural resilience, or the persistence of memory.

Magic realism frequently employs rich and vivid imagery. Detailed descriptions of landscapes, sensory experiences, and cultural practices create a strong sense of place. This emphasis on physical reality contrasts with the presence of magical elements, enhancing the effect of blending the ordinary with the extraordinary.

Another important aspect is the ambiguity between reality and illusion. Magic realist works often leave readers uncertain about whether events should be interpreted literally or symbolically. This ambiguity invites multiple interpretations and encourages readers to engage actively with the text.

Magic realism has influenced writers across the world, including in Africa, South Asia, and Europe. Authors such as Salman Rushdie and Toni Morrison have incorporated magic realist techniques to explore themes of identity, history, and cultural memory. In these works, magic realism becomes a powerful tool for representing complex social and historical experiences.

The significance of magic realism lies in its ability to challenge dominant ways of understanding reality. By presenting magical elements as ordinary, it questions the authority of rationalist and scientific perspectives that exclude other forms of knowledge. Magic realism suggests that reality is not singular but plural, shaped by different cultural beliefs and experiences.

In conclusion, magic realism is a literary mode that blends realistic narrative with magical or supernatural elements in a natural and matter-of-fact manner. Its key characteristics include the coexistence of reality and magic, a neutral narrative tone, the incorporation of myth and folklore, multiple layers of reality, symbolic meaning, and the representation of marginalized voices. Through these techniques, magic realism expands the possibilities of storytelling and offers a unique way of exploring history, culture, and human experience.

Q3 Distinguish between Oral and written literatures. Give examples.

Literature is broadly divided into two major forms on the basis of the mode of transmission and preservation: oral literature and written literature. Both forms have played a vital role in preserving human experiences, beliefs, traditions, and knowledge across generations. Oral literature is the earliest form of literary expression, emerging long before the invention of writing systems, while written literature developed later with the spread of scripts and literacy. The distinction between oral and written literatures lies not only in the medium of transmission but also in style, structure, authorship, and methods of preservation.

Oral literature refers to literary works that are composed, performed, and transmitted verbally from one generation to another. It includes folk tales, ballads, myths, legends, proverbs, riddles, epics, and songs. These works are often memorized and performed by storytellers, singers, or community elders. Oral literature is closely connected with the cultural and social life of communities and reflects their beliefs, customs, and values. Since it is transmitted orally, it is often flexible and may change slightly with each performance.

Written literature, on the other hand, refers to literary works that are recorded in written or printed form. These works are preserved in manuscripts, books, or digital formats and are generally more stable in content compared to oral literature. Written literature includes novels, poems, dramas, essays, and biographies. The development of writing systems made it possible to preserve literary works accurately over long periods and to reach wider audiences beyond the immediate community.

One of the most significant differences between oral and written literature lies in authorship. In oral literature, the author is often unknown or collective because stories and songs evolve over time through repeated narration. For example, many Indian folk tales and ballads do not have identifiable authors. In contrast, written literature usually has a known author, such as Kalidasa, Shakespeare, or Rabindranath Tagore, whose works are preserved in a fixed form.

Another important difference is the method of transmission. Oral literature is transmitted through memory and performance, which requires skill in narration, recitation, and sometimes music or dance. Written literature is transmitted through reading and writing, allowing individuals to engage with texts independently. The oral storyteller often interacts directly with the audience, making the experience participatory and dynamic, while written literature is generally experienced individually, though it may also be read aloud or performed.

The language and style of oral literature are usually simple, rhythmic, and repetitive to aid memorization. Repetition, formulaic expressions, and rhythmic patterns are common features. For example, in many folk tales, phrases like “Once upon a time” or repeated descriptions help the storyteller remember and structure the narrative. Written literature, in contrast, often uses more complex vocabulary, intricate sentence structures, and elaborate descriptions because it does not rely on memorization in the same way.

Another difference concerns stability and variation. Oral literature is flexible and may vary from one performance to another. Different regions may have different versions of the same story. For example, the Ramayana exists in numerous oral and regional versions across India and Southeast Asia. Written literature tends to remain stable once it is recorded, and changes usually occur only through revisions or new editions by the author or editor.

Oral literature is deeply connected with community traditions and collective memory. It often serves practical purposes such as teaching moral lessons, preserving history, or entertaining audiences during festivals and gatherings. Written literature, while it may also reflect social realities, often emphasizes individual creativity and personal expression.

Examples of oral literature include the Vedic hymns in ancient India, which were transmitted orally for centuries before being written down, African folk tales, Native American myths, and Indian folk epics like Alha-Khand and Pandavani. Examples of written literature include classical works such as Kalidasa’s Abhijnanasakuntalam, Tulsidas’s Ramcharitmanas, Premchand’s novels, and modern literary works in various languages.

It is also important to note that oral and written literatures are not entirely separate; they often influence each other. Many written works are based on oral traditions, and oral storytelling continues to draw upon written texts. For instance, epics like the Mahabharata and Ramayana have both oral and written traditions.

In modern times, technological developments such as audio recording, radio, television, and digital media have helped preserve oral literature in new forms, reducing the risk of loss while still retaining its performative nature. Similarly, written literature has expanded through digital publishing and online platforms, making literary works more accessible to global audiences.

The distinction between oral and written literatures highlights the diversity of human expression and the various ways in which societies preserve their cultural heritage. Both forms are equally valuable and complementary, contributing to the richness of world literature.

Points of Distinction:

• Oral literature is transmitted verbally; written literature is transmitted through written or printed texts.
• Oral literature often has anonymous or collective authorship; written literature usually has identifiable authors.
• Oral literature is flexible and varies; written literature is more fixed and stable.
• Oral literature uses simple, repetitive language; written literature may use complex and elaborate language.
• Oral literature involves performance and audience interaction; written literature is primarily read.
• Examples: Folk tales, ballads, and myths (oral); novels, plays, and poems (written).

Q4 Trace the development of the Bhakti Movement.

The Bhakti Movement was a major religious and social movement in medieval India that emphasized devotion (bhakti) to a personal god as the path to spiritual salvation. It developed over several centuries, roughly from the 7th to the 17th century, and had a profound impact on Indian religion, society, literature, and culture. The movement challenged rigid caste hierarchies, ritualism, and the dominance of priestly authority, promoting instead a direct and personal relationship with God based on love and devotion.

The origins of the Bhakti Movement can be traced to South India, particularly among the Alvars and Nayanars of Tamil Nadu between the 6th and 9th centuries. The Alvars were devotees of Vishnu, while the Nayanars were devotees of Shiva. These saints composed devotional hymns in Tamil, making religious teachings accessible to the common people. Their poetry expressed intense personal devotion and rejected elaborate rituals and caste distinctions. The hymns of the Alvars were later compiled in the Divya Prabandham, while the hymns of the Nayanars were preserved in the Tevaram.

From South India, the Bhakti Movement gradually spread to other parts of the country. One of the key figures in the development of Bhakti philosophy was Ramanuja (11th–12th century), who emphasized qualified non-dualism (Vishishtadvaita) and the importance of devotion to Vishnu. Ramanuja also advocated social inclusiveness and allowed people from lower castes to participate in religious practices.

In the 13th century, the movement gained momentum in Maharashtra with saints like Namdev, Tukaram, and Eknath, who composed devotional songs in Marathi. Their teachings emphasized equality, devotion, and moral living. These saints rejected caste discrimination and stressed that devotion, rather than birth or ritual, was the true path to salvation.

The Bhakti Movement reached North India between the 14th and 17th centuries, where it took diverse forms. One important stream was the Nirguna Bhakti tradition, which emphasized devotion to a formless, attributeless God. Saints like Kabir and Guru Nanak criticized both Hindu and Muslim orthodoxy and emphasized the unity of God and the importance of inner devotion. Kabir’s dohas and Guru Nanak’s teachings had a lasting influence on Indian religious thought and contributed to the development of Sikhism.

Another important stream was the Saguna Bhakti tradition, which focused on devotion to God in a personal form, such as Rama or Krishna. Saints like Tulsidas, Surdas, and Mirabai composed devotional poetry in regional languages, making religious teachings accessible to the masses. Tulsidas’s Ramcharitmanas and Surdas’s Sursagar are notable examples of Bhakti literature. Mirabai’s devotional songs expressed deep emotional devotion to Krishna and challenged social norms, especially those restricting women.

The Bhakti Movement also influenced the development of regional languages and literature. Saints composed their works in vernacular languages rather than Sanskrit, enabling ordinary people to understand and participate in religious discourse. This contributed significantly to the growth of Hindi, Marathi, Bengali, Punjabi, and other regional languages.

Another important aspect of the Bhakti Movement was its social impact. By emphasizing equality before God, Bhakti saints challenged caste distinctions and promoted social harmony. Many saints came from lower castes or marginalized communities, demonstrating that spiritual attainment was not limited to the privileged classes.

The movement also fostered religious tolerance and cultural synthesis. In many regions, Bhakti saints interacted with Sufi mystics, and both traditions shared similar ideas about love, devotion, and the unity of God. This interaction contributed to the development of a composite culture in medieval India.

The later phase of the Bhakti Movement saw the rise of organized religious sects and institutions, which helped preserve and propagate the teachings of the saints. Temples, monasteries, and pilgrimage centers became important centers of devotional activity.

In conclusion, the Bhakti Movement was a transformative force in Indian history. It originated in South India, spread across the subcontinent, and took diverse forms in different regions. By emphasizing devotion, equality, and the use of vernacular languages, it brought religion closer to the people and challenged social and religious hierarchies. Its influence can still be seen in Indian devotional practices, music, literature, and cultural traditions.

Key Points:

• Origin in South India with Alvars and Nayanars.
• Spread through saints like Ramanuja, Namdev, Tukaram, Kabir, Guru Nanak, Tulsidas, and Mirabai.
• Two major traditions: Nirguna and Saguna Bhakti.
• Use of regional languages and devotional poetry.
• Emphasis on equality, devotion, and social reform.
• Long-lasting impact on Indian religion, literature, and society.

Q5 State the role of ‘retellings’ in mediating between past and present in a given culture and society.

Retellings play a crucial role in shaping how societies remember, interpret, and transmit their cultural heritage across generations. Every culture possesses myths, epics, legends, religious narratives, folktales, and historical accounts that form the collective memory of the people. However, these stories are rarely static; they are continuously reinterpreted and reshaped to suit the needs, values, and sensibilities of new generations. Retellings serve as a bridge between past and present, allowing cultural traditions to remain alive rather than becoming relics of history. Through retellings, societies reinterpret traditional narratives in the light of contemporary social realities, ethical concerns, political contexts, and changing cultural norms, thereby ensuring both continuity and relevance.

One of the primary roles of retellings is the preservation of cultural memory. Oral traditions, myths, and epics were historically passed down through storytelling, songs, and performances. Over time, these narratives were rewritten, translated, or adapted into new literary and artistic forms. Retellings ensure that important stories are not lost but instead reintroduced to new audiences in accessible ways. For example:

• The Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata have been retold in countless regional languages, television serials, films, and modern novels, making them relevant to contemporary audiences.
  • Similarly, Greek myths have been retold in modern literature, children’s books, and films, preserving their significance in global culture.

Another important function of retellings is reinterpretation of values and perspectives. Every historical period has its own moral framework and social priorities. Retellings allow societies to re-examine older narratives through modern ethical lenses. Traditional texts often reflect hierarchical structures, gender roles, and social norms that may no longer be accepted in contemporary society. By retelling these narratives, writers and artists challenge outdated assumptions and highlight marginalized voices. For instance:

• Modern retellings of epics often focus on the perspectives of women or minor characters who were neglected in original versions.
  • Contemporary reinterpretations may question heroism, authority, or the legitimacy of social hierarchies portrayed in classical narratives.

Retellings also serve as a means of cultural dialogue between generations. Young people often find classical texts difficult due to archaic language, unfamiliar contexts, or lengthy narrative styles. Retellings simplify language, restructure plots, and incorporate modern storytelling techniques, making traditional stories accessible and engaging. This ensures that younger generations develop a connection with their cultural heritage without feeling alienated by it. In this way, retellings function as educational tools that transmit knowledge, traditions, and moral lessons in a form suited to present-day readers and viewers.

Another significant role of retellings is adaptation to changing media and technology. In earlier times, stories were preserved through oral narration and manuscripts; later, they were printed in books; today, they are adapted into films, television series, graphic novels, podcasts, and digital platforms. Each medium reshapes the narrative to suit its format and audience expectations. For example:

• Mythological and historical narratives adapted into films often emphasize visual spectacle and emotional drama.
  • Graphic novels retell classical stories using illustrations and concise storytelling to appeal to younger readers.
  • Web series and digital storytelling platforms reinterpret traditional narratives with contemporary settings and themes.

Retellings also contribute to the formation of cultural identity. Societies use shared stories to define who they are and what they value. Retelling foundational narratives reinforces a sense of belonging and continuity. At the same time, retellings allow cultures to adapt their identity in response to globalization, migration, and social change. For example, diasporic communities often retell traditional stories in ways that reflect their hybrid cultural experiences, blending elements of their heritage with influences from the societies in which they live.

In addition, retellings play a critical role in social critique and reform. Writers and artists often use retellings to challenge dominant ideologies and expose injustices embedded in traditional narratives. By reinterpreting myths and historical events, they encourage audiences to question accepted truths and consider alternative perspectives. For instance:

• Feminist retellings of epics highlight the experiences and agency of female characters who were previously portrayed as passive or secondary.
  • Postcolonial retellings reinterpret historical narratives from the viewpoint of colonized or marginalized communities.

Retellings also foster creativity and innovation in literature and the arts. Rather than simply repeating traditional stories, authors often experiment with narrative structure, language, and themes, giving old stories new meanings. This process demonstrates that tradition is not static but dynamic and evolving. Retellings inspire new works of fiction, theatre, cinema, and visual arts, enriching cultural production and ensuring the continued relevance of classical narratives.

Another important aspect of retellings is their role in moral and philosophical reflection. Classical narratives often contain universal themes such as duty, justice, love, sacrifice, and the struggle between good and evil. Retellings reinterpret these themes in ways that resonate with contemporary ethical dilemmas. For example:

• Modern adaptations may explore psychological motivations of characters rather than presenting them as purely heroic or villainous.
  • Contemporary retellings may emphasize themes such as environmental responsibility, social justice, or individual freedom, reflecting present-day concerns.

Retellings also promote intercultural exchange and global understanding. When stories from one culture are translated or adapted for audiences in another culture, they facilitate dialogue and mutual appreciation. For example, Indian mythological themes have influenced global literature and cinema, while Western narratives have been adapted in Indian contexts. Such exchanges enrich world literature and demonstrate the universality of human experiences across cultures.

At the same time, retellings can sometimes lead to debates and controversies. Different interpretations of traditional narratives may challenge deeply held beliefs or religious sentiments. Some people may view retellings as distortions or misrepresentations of sacred or historical texts. These debates highlight the tension between preserving tradition and encouraging creative reinterpretation. However, such discussions also indicate that cultural narratives remain alive and meaningful, capable of generating engagement and reflection.

Retellings are also important in the context of historical memory and nation-building. Historical events are often retold in textbooks, films, and literature, shaping collective perceptions of the past. These retellings influence how societies understand their history, heroes, and struggles. While such narratives can foster national pride and unity, they also require critical examination to avoid bias or selective representation of history.

Furthermore, retellings help in adapting cultural narratives to changing social structures. For example, traditional stories often reflect agrarian or feudal societies, whereas modern retellings may place similar themes in urban or industrial settings. This allows audiences to see the relevance of ancient wisdom in contemporary life. Retellings demonstrate that human emotions, conflicts, and aspirations remain fundamentally similar across time, even as external circumstances change.

Another important function of retellings is the preservation of linguistic diversity. Many traditional stories are retold in regional languages, helping to sustain linguistic heritage and promote local literary traditions. Translation and adaptation enable stories to reach wider audiences while preserving their cultural essence. This process strengthens cultural diversity and prevents the dominance of a single narrative tradition.

Retellings also play a role in entertainment and popular culture. Films, television serials, novels, and theatre productions based on traditional stories attract large audiences because they combine familiarity with novelty. Audiences enjoy revisiting well-known narratives while discovering new interpretations and creative variations. This popularity ensures the continued circulation of cultural narratives in mainstream culture.

In addition, retellings contribute to the democratization of storytelling. In the past, cultural narratives were often controlled by religious authorities, royal courts, or elite literary circles. Today, writers, filmmakers, and even independent digital creators reinterpret traditional stories, offering diverse viewpoints. This plurality of voices enriches cultural discourse and allows marginalized communities to reclaim their narratives.

However, retellings also present certain challenges. One challenge is maintaining a balance between authenticity and innovation. Excessive alteration may dilute the cultural or historical significance of the original narrative, while strict adherence may limit creativity and relevance. Another challenge is the commercialization of cultural narratives, where retellings are produced primarily for profit, sometimes oversimplifying or sensationalizing complex traditions. Despite these challenges, retellings remain an essential cultural practice that keeps traditions vibrant and meaningful.

In conclusion, retellings serve as a vital link between past and present in any culture and society. They preserve cultural memory, reinterpret values, adapt narratives to new media, foster creativity, promote social critique, and strengthen cultural identity. By reimagining traditional stories in contemporary contexts, retellings ensure that the wisdom, experiences, and artistic expressions of earlier generations continue to inspire and guide present and future societies. Rather than being mere repetitions of old stories, retellings are dynamic acts of cultural renewal that demonstrate the enduring relevance of the past in shaping the present and the future.

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