Free IGNOU MEG-06 Solved Assignment | For 2025-2026 Sessions | American Literature | MEG

Free IGNOU MEG-06 Solved Assignment | For 2025-2026 Sessions | American Literature | MEG

Q1 Discuss the structure of the novel Huckleberry Finn.

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain, first published in 1884, is considered a classic of American literature and a pioneering work of realism and regionalism. Its narrative structure is central to its enduring impact, blending episodic adventures with deeper social commentary, and shaping the novel’s thematic concerns and character development.

Overview of the Novel’s Structure

The novel is primarily structured as a first-person narrative, with Huck Finn himself narrating the story. This confessional, colloquial voice provides authenticity and immediacy, immersing the reader in Huck’s perspective. The structure can be broadly divided into three major parts:

  1. The Opening / Exposition (Chapters 1–5)
    This section introduces Huck’s background, his life with the Widow Douglas, and his conflict with civilization and societal norms. It also establishes his friendship with Tom Sawyer, setting up the contrast between Huck’s practical nature and Tom’s romanticism.
  2. The Journey on the Mississippi River (Chapters 6–31)
    This is the novel’s core section, an episodic adventure as Huck and Jim, a runaway slave, travel down the Mississippi River on a raft. This section comprises a series of loosely connected episodes or adventures, which reveal social hypocrisies and human complexities.
  3. The Resolution and Return to Society (Chapters 32–43)
    The final part moves back into more traditional plot developments, with Huck encountering feuding families and eventually Tom Sawyer rejoining the narrative. The climax deals with Jim’s escape and Huck’s decision to reject “civilized” life.

Episodic Narrative and Its Effects

One of the defining structural features of Huckleberry Finn is its episodic form. The novel reads like a sequence of adventures or mini-stories, such as:

  • Huck and Jim’s initial escape
  • The encounter with the Grangerfords and Shepherdsons feud
  • The conmen, the Duke and the King, and their scams
  • The rescue of Jim from captivity

Each episode is largely self-contained but contributes to the overall theme of freedom, morality, and social critique.

Effects of Episodic Structure:

  • Reflects river journey: The episodic nature mirrors the drifting journey on the Mississippi River, symbolizing fluidity and unpredictability in Huck’s life.
  • Social panorama: Each episode exposes different social ills — racism, greed, violence, hypocrisy — creating a broad social critique through varied encounters.
  • Character development: Huck’s moral growth is seen progressively through varied experiences rather than a single linear arc.

Narrative Voice and Language Structure

The novel’s structure is deeply tied to Huck’s distinctive voice: informal, vernacular, and naive yet insightful. Twain uses dialect and colloquial speech patterns to establish Huck’s authenticity and regional identity.

  • The use of regional dialects provides cultural texture and realism.
  • The narrative unreliability (Huck’s youthful perspective and biases) invites readers to question social norms.
  • The first-person perspective creates intimacy and engages the reader emotionally with Huck’s moral dilemmas.

Structural Role of Symbolism and Motifs

The novel uses structural symbols like the Mississippi River and the raft to organize the narrative.

  • The Mississippi River represents freedom and escape from societal constraints; structurally, it is the backbone of the journey.
  • The raft symbolizes a mobile sanctuary for Huck and Jim, structuring their shared narrative space, apart from society.

Conflict and Plot Structure

The narrative also adheres to classical plot structure elements: exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution, though with Twain’s unique episodic treatment.

Structural Element Description Example/Details
Exposition Introduction of Huck’s background and societal setting Life with Widow Douglas, relationship with Pap, Tom Sawyer
Rising Action Huck and Jim’s escape and river journey begins Adventures on the raft, encounters with various characters
Climax Jim’s capture and rescue Tom’s arrival and complicated rescue plan
Falling Action Resolution of conflicts Jim’s freedom revealed, Pap’s death, Huck’s rejection of civilization
Resolution Huck’s decision to “light out for the Territory” Open-ended conclusion emphasizing freedom and individuality

Integration of Humor and Satire in Structure

The episodic structure also allows Twain to incorporate humor and satire, offering critiques of religion, education, and social institutions in different chapters, making the novel multifaceted and layered.

Conclusion

The structure of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn—a first-person, episodic narrative framed by the Mississippi journey—is integral to its exploration of identity, freedom, and morality. The combination of colloquial voice, episodic adventures, and symbolic motifs constructs a rich social tapestry while reflecting the fluid nature of postcolonial American identity and the complexities of race and culture.

Q2 Critically analyse the Poem “Crossing Brooklyn Ferry”.

Walt Whitman’s poem “Crossing Brooklyn Ferry”, first published in Leaves of Grass (1856), is a hallmark of American transcendental and democratic poetry. The poem eloquently explores themes of time, space, shared human experience, and interconnectedness, using the everyday event of crossing the East River from Brooklyn to Manhattan as a profound metaphor for continuity and unity.

Structure and Form

Crossing Brooklyn Ferry is a long free-verse poem without a fixed rhyme scheme or meter, characteristic of Whitman’s poetic style. It unfolds as a meditation on:

  • The physical experience of the ferry crossing
  • The connection between the present speaker and future readers
  • The shared human condition transcending time and space

The poem’s structure is cyclical and repetitive, emphasizing continuity and timelessness. Its sections move fluidly between personal reflection, direct address, and cosmic speculation.

Central Themes and Analysis

  1. Shared Human Experience Across Time

The poem underscores the unity of human beings through shared experience. Whitman directly addresses future readers, asserting that they will undergo the same ferry crossing, bridging past, present, and future.

“And you that shall cross from shore to shore years hence are more to me, and more in my meditations, than you might suppose.”

This creates a temporal connection, making readers aware of their place in an ongoing human story.

  1. Connection Between Self and Other

Whitman’s speaker sees himself in others and others in himself, collapsing the boundaries of individual identity to present a collective consciousness.

“I too had been struck from the float forever and forever,
Just as you,
Just as any of you.”

This blurring of self and other reflects Whitman’s democratic vision of equality and interconnectedness.

  1. Nature and the Urban Landscape

The poem elevates the urban setting—Brooklyn and Manhattan—as part of the natural and spiritual world, blending city life with the river’s timeless flow. The river becomes a symbol of life’s continuous movement and change.

“The flood-tide rushes, the ebb-tide follows,
The views of the past and those of the future
Crowd forward to me.”

  1. Continuity and Permanence Amid Change

Though individuals live and die, the poem celebrates the continuity of human experience and the enduring nature of the river, the city, and the human spirit.

“Others will enter the gates of the ferry,
Others will watch the run of the flood-tide,
Others will see the shipping of Manhattan north and west, and the heights of Brooklyn to the south and east.”

This repeated motif reinforces the perpetual cycle of human presence and activity.

  1. Democracy and Inclusiveness

The poem’s inclusive tone embraces all social classes, races, and individuals, expressing Whitman’s democratic ideals. Everyone is connected through the shared experience of the ferry crossing, symbolizing the common humanity beneath social divisions.

Literary Devices

  • Free verse: Allows organic, flowing thought, mirroring the river’s movement.
  • Repetition: The recurrence of ideas and images underscores continuity.
  • Imagery: Vivid descriptions of the river, cityscape, and people evoke a sensory experience.
  • Direct address: Engages the reader, breaking the fourth wall and enhancing inclusivity.
  • Symbolism: The ferry crossing symbolizes transition, life’s journey, and human connectivity.

Themes and Literary Techniques in Crossing Brooklyn Ferry

Theme Description Literary Devices Key Lines / Examples
Shared Human Experience Connecting past, present, and future selves Direct address, repetition “You that shall cross from shore to shore years hence”
Unity of Self and Others Blurring individual boundaries Personification, inclusive language “I too had been struck from the float forever”
Urban Nature Integration City and nature intertwined Imagery, symbolism “The flood-tide rushes, the ebb-tide follows”
Continuity and Permanence Life cycles beyond individual death Repetition, cyclical structure “Others will enter the gates of the ferry”
Democracy and Inclusiveness Embracing all people Inclusive diction, egalitarian tone “The men and women I saw on the ferry”

Critical Perspectives

  • Transcendentalism: Whitman’s poem echoes transcendentalist ideals, emphasizing the spiritual unity of all beings and the interconnectedness of humanity and nature.
  • Modern Democratic Vision: The poem rejects elitism, advocating a poetry that belongs to and speaks for the common people.
  • Temporal Innovation: Whitman innovatively breaks linear time, blending temporalities to suggest a shared human continuum.
  • Humanism: The poem celebrates human dignity and experience in everyday life, elevating a simple ferry ride to cosmic significance.

Conclusion

Crossing Brooklyn Ferry is a profound meditation on time, identity, and democracy. Whitman’s innovative use of free verse, inclusive voice, and powerful imagery constructs a poetic space where past, present, and future merge, and all individuals find shared belonging. It remains a seminal work that shapes American poetry’s democratic ethos and expands the poetic form’s philosophical scope.

Q3 Bring out the full significance of the tittle, “When Lilies Last in the Dooryard Bloomed”.

Walt Whitman’s poem “When Lilies Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d” is one of his most profound elegies, written in the aftermath of President Abraham Lincoln’s assassination in 1865. This long, free-verse poem mourns the loss of Lincoln but transcends the specific event to explore universal themes of death, grief, regeneration, and the eternal cycle of nature. The title itself is densely symbolic and sets the tone and thematic structure for the entire poem. This essay explores the multifaceted significance of the title and its relationship to the poem’s content and symbolism.

Historical Context of the Title

The poem was composed during a period of great national mourning and upheaval. Lincoln’s assassination was a traumatic event that symbolized the death of hope and unity for many Americans. Whitman, who had admired Lincoln, responded with this poetic elegy that intertwines personal sorrow with collective grief. The title anchors the poem in the natural cycle of death and renewal, setting the stage for a meditation on loss and transcendence.

Literal Meaning of the Title

The phrase “When Lilies Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d” literally refers to a time when the lilies — specifically, the bright, fragrant flowers — bloom in a dooryard (the front yard or the area near the home’s entrance). Lilies have long been associated with death, mourning, purity, and resurrection. The blooming of lilies signals a natural event tied to seasons, typically spring or early summer, often linked to rebirth and renewal.

Symbolic Significance of the Lily

  1. Symbol of Death and Mourning
    Lilies are traditionally used in funerals and symbolize the purity and innocence of the departed soul. Their appearance in the poem’s title evokes the immediate context of death — specifically, Lincoln’s death. The blooming lilies stand as a natural emblem of grief and commemoration.
  2. Symbol of Resurrection and Continuity
    While lilies mark death, their cycle of blooming every year also signifies regeneration and life’s continuity. This dual symbolism fits Whitman’s transcendental vision, where death is not final but part of an eternal cycle. The lilies bloom “last,” indicating the finality of one cycle but also hinting at what comes next.
  3. Link to the Natural World and Eternal Time
    The lilies growing in the “dooryard” connect the universal theme of death to a very intimate, domestic setting. The dooryard is a threshold between the private home and the outside world, suggesting the border between life and death, the familiar and the unknown. The lilies’ blooming situates the poem’s elegy within the natural order, implying that human loss is part of a larger cosmic process.

Temporal and Spatial Implications

  • The word “When” at the beginning sets a specific temporal context — a moment in time that triggers remembrance and mourning.
  • The “Dooryard” locates the poem in a humble, personal space, emphasizing that grief is not just public but deeply private.
  • The word “Last” carries a finality and poignancy, suggesting that the lilies bloom for the last time in this place, paralleling the finality of Lincoln’s death.

The Title as a Metaphor for Grief and Healing

The lilies, blooming in the dooryard, serve as a recurring natural metaphor throughout the poem. They represent Whitman’s own process of mourning, as he moves from raw grief towards a more spiritual acceptance and reconciliation. The blooming is cyclical, symbolizing that while death is an end, life persists and renews.

The lilies also stand as a tribute to Lincoln — a symbol of his purity, sacrifice, and the nation’s collective loss. Their “last” blooming marks the closing of an era and the beginning of a new chapter in American history.

Interconnections with Key Symbols in the Poem

The title’s lily motif links to the poem’s other important symbols:

  1. The Western Star — representing Lincoln himself, a guiding light extinguished but still visible.
  2. The Hermit Thrush — a bird that sings a mournful yet hopeful song, symbolizing nature’s voice in mourning and spiritual consolation.
  3. The Dooryard and Natural Landscape — the setting of life’s ordinary scenes that become charged with symbolic significance.

Together, these images form a triad of mourning, remembrance, and renewal anchored in nature.

Symbolism in the Title “When Lilies Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d”

Element Symbolic Meaning Poem’s Thematic Connection
Lilies Death, purity, mourning, resurrection Grief over Lincoln’s death and hope for rebirth
Last Bloom Finality, end of a cycle End of Lincoln’s era and national loss
Dooryard Threshold between private and public, life and death Personal mourning within a universal context
Blooming Renewal, natural cycles Eternal life and spiritual regeneration
When Moment in time triggering remembrance Temporality of grief and memory

The Title and the Poem’s Structure

The poem’s opening lines explicitly mention the lilies and the dooryard, signaling that this natural image will frame the meditation that follows. The poem moves through phases of grief, reflection, and eventual transcendence, mirroring the natural cycle of the lilies. The title thus encapsulates the poem’s overarching movement from death to hope.

Conclusion

The title “When Lilies Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d” carries profound significance beyond its surface literal meaning. It encapsulates the themes of death, mourning, natural cycles, and spiritual renewal that pervade Whitman’s elegy. By invoking the lily, the dooryard, and the final blooming, the title sets the tone for a deeply personal yet universal meditation on loss and hope, connecting human grief to the eternal rhythms of nature. It grounds the poem’s transcendental vision of death as a natural and spiritual passage, making the title both a symbol and a lens through which to understand the poem’s message.

Q4 Discuss the theme and concerns in A Clean well-Lighted Place.

Ernest Hemingway’s short story “A Clean, Well-Lighted Place” is a poignant exploration of existential themes such as loneliness, despair, the search for meaning, and the human need for order and refuge in an indifferent world. Despite its brevity, the story conveys complex philosophical concerns through its sparse narrative and minimalistic style. This essay discusses the central themes and concerns of the story and examines how Hemingway’s style reinforces the existential mood.

Summary Context

The story is set late at night in a clean, well-lit café where two waiters observe an old man who drinks alone. The younger waiter is impatient and eager to close the café, while the older waiter understands the old man’s need for the café as a refuge from darkness and emptiness. The story contrasts the perspectives of youth and age, highlighting existential loneliness and the human condition.

Major Themes

  1. Loneliness and Isolation
    Loneliness pervades the story as its central theme. The old man, a deaf and lonely figure, symbolizes human alienation in an indifferent universe. The waiters’ conversations reveal that everyone experiences loneliness, but some confront it with despair while others remain indifferent or unaware. The clean, well-lighted café represents a sanctuary from this pervasive loneliness, a temporary respite from the existential void.
  2. The Search for Meaning and Refuge
    The story suggests that humans create “clean, well-lighted places” as symbolic refuges to impose order, comfort, and meaning on an otherwise chaotic, meaningless existence. The café provides a physical and metaphorical space where the old man and others can stave off the darkness—both literal night and metaphorical despair.
  3. Existential Nihilism and Despair
    The older waiter’s reflections reveal an existential awareness that life is fundamentally meaningless—“Nada” (Spanish for “nothing”) is repeated to underscore the void at the center of existence. This nihilistic perspective acknowledges that humans crave significance but are faced with the inevitability of death and emptiness.
  4. Generational Perspectives on Life
    The story contrasts the younger waiter’s impatience and lack of empathy with the older waiter’s compassion and existential insight. The younger waiter represents youth’s denial or ignorance of existential despair, while the older waiter’s understanding is born of age and experience. This contrast highlights differing human responses to loneliness and meaninglessness.

Stylistic Concerns Reinforcing Themes

  • Minimalistic and Sparse Language: Hemingway’s use of simple, straightforward prose mirrors the starkness of the story’s existential themes. The lack of elaborate description forces readers to focus on the underlying emotional and philosophical tensions.
  • Dialogue-Driven Narrative: The story’s meaning emerges through conversations between the two waiters, underscoring the importance of communication in confronting loneliness and despair.
  • Ambiguity and Open-Endedness: The story offers no resolution or moralizing, reflecting the uncertainty and ambiguity inherent in existential concerns.
  • Symbolism of Light and Darkness: The contrast between the “clean, well-lighted” café and the surrounding darkness symbolizes the human struggle against oblivion and chaos.

Themes and Corresponding Story Elements in A Clean, Well-Lighted Place

Theme Story Element/Example Interpretation
Loneliness and Isolation The old man drinking alone, deafness, silence Universal human solitude
Search for Refuge The café as a “clean, well-lighted place” Temporary sanctuary from despair
Existential Nihilism Older waiter’s use of “Nada” and reflections on meaning Life’s inherent emptiness
Generational Contrast Younger waiter’s impatience vs. older waiter’s empathy Differing human responses to loneliness
Ritual and Routine Nighttime café, drinking ritual Coping mechanisms for existential anxiety
Light and Darkness Clean, well-lighted café vs. surrounding darkness Human order vs. cosmic chaos

Philosophical Concerns

At its core, the story addresses fundamental existential questions: How do humans face the meaninglessness of life? How do they confront loneliness and death? Hemingway does not offer clear answers but instead presents a tableau that captures the human condition’s stark realities.

The old man’s deafness and solitude intensify his isolation but also suggest a partial disconnect from the world’s noise and chaos. His persistent presence in the café symbolizes the human desire to find order and clarity (“clean, well-lighted”) in a dark world.

The older waiter’s sympathy reflects an understanding that while meaning may be elusive or absent, compassion and small acts of kindness provide dignity in suffering.

Conclusion

Ernest Hemingway’s “A Clean, Well-Lighted Place” is a masterful short story that delves into themes of loneliness, existential despair, and the human need for refuge and meaning. Through minimalist style and symbolic use of setting, Hemingway portrays the fragile human attempt to confront the void.

Q5 Discuss the narrative technique in The Bluest Eye.

Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye (1970) is a landmark novel in African American literature, exploring themes of race, beauty, identity, and trauma through the life of Pecola Breedlove, a young Black girl who yearns for blue eyes and the societal acceptance they symbolize. The novel is notable not only for its profound thematic concerns but also for its complex narrative techniques. Morrison employs a variety of narrative strategies—multiple narrators, non-linear chronology, fragmented storytelling, and shifts in narrative perspective—to deepen the emotional impact, underscore themes of dislocation and fractured identity, and engage readers in a multifaceted exploration of African American experience.

This essay analyzes the narrative techniques used in The Bluest Eye, illustrating how Morrison’s innovative narrative structure shapes readers’ understanding of characters, themes, and the socio-cultural context of the novel.

Multiplicity of Narrative Voices

One of the most striking narrative techniques in The Bluest Eye is Morrison’s use of multiple narrative voices, which enriches the novel’s perspective and complexity.

  1. Omniscient Third-Person Narration

The novel opens and closes with an omniscient third-person narrator who provides an overarching commentary on the Breedlove family and the community. This narrative voice is authoritative, reflective, and sometimes poetic, setting the tone for the novel and framing the events within a broader cultural and historical context.

For example, the novel begins with an impersonal and almost mythic description of the Breedlove family’s life, situating Pecola’s tragedy within systemic racism and internalized oppression. This narrative voice functions as a social critic, offering insights into the societal forces shaping the characters’ lives.

  1. Claudia’s First-Person Narrative

Interspersed within the novel are passages narrated by Claudia MacTeer, a young Black girl who is both participant and observer. Claudia’s voice is candid, childlike, and at times ironic, providing a personal and intimate counterpoint to the omniscient narrator.

Through Claudia, readers see a more nuanced and critical perspective on beauty standards, race, and family dynamics. Her youthful perspective allows Morrison to explore innocence confronted by harsh realities, and her direct involvement in the story adds emotional immediacy.

Claudia’s narration also brings in the perspective of an insider within the Black community who critiques the values imposed by white beauty standards and the resulting self-loathing.

  1. Multiple Perspectives Through Different Characters

In addition to the omniscient narrator and Claudia, Morrison employs chapters that delve into the inner lives and backstories of other key characters like Pecola, Pauline (Pecola’s mother), and Soaphead Church. These chapters often shift narrative focus, providing psychological depth and exploring traumatic histories that inform present behaviors.

This polyphonic approach enables the novel to avoid a singular, reductive perspective and instead offers a layered understanding of how personal and collective histories intersect.

Non-Linear Chronology and Fragmented Narrative Structure

Morrison deliberately disrupts linear storytelling to mirror the fragmented and traumatic experiences of her characters.

  1. Shifting Time Frames

The novel’s chronology is non-linear, moving backward and forward in time to reveal layers of history, memory, and causality. Early chapters recount the origins and history of the Breedlove family and other community members before focusing on the present narrative.

For instance, readers encounter Pauline’s traumatic childhood and migration from the South, Pecola’s family history, and the evolution of the MacTeer family in disjointed segments rather than a straightforward timeline.

This fragmented temporal structure echoes the fractured identities and disrupted lives of the characters, suggesting that their present struggles cannot be understood without an awareness of past traumas and social conditions.

  1. The Use of Vignettes and Episodic Chapters

The novel is composed of short chapters or vignettes, each focusing on different characters or themes. This episodic structure provides a mosaic of experiences rather than a single continuous narrative.

The disjointed chapters evoke the disintegration of the family and community, as well as the fragmentation of selfhood that Pecola and others endure. It also challenges readers to piece together the narrative, engaging actively with the text.

Symbolism and Imagery as Narrative Devices

Morrison’s narrative technique includes rich symbolism and imagery that carry thematic weight and deepen emotional resonance.

  1. The Symbol of Blue Eyes

The central symbol of blue eyes embodies societal beauty standards and racial self-loathing. Pecola’s desire for blue eyes is narrated with intense pathos, and the narrative technique brings the reader intimately close to her internalized pain.

The symbolic value of blue eyes recurs throughout the novel, reinforcing the oppressive ideals that distort individual and communal identity.

  1. Seasonal Imagery and Weather

Morrison uses seasonal and weather imagery to mark changes in mood and plot development. For example, the arrival of winter often parallels increasing hardship and isolation.

This use of imagery enriches the narrative texture, allowing abstract themes to be felt concretely through natural cycles.

Psychological Depth and Interior Monologues

Morrison employs interior monologues and stream-of-consciousness techniques, particularly when exploring Pecola’s mental state and other characters’ emotional experiences.

For instance, Pecola’s descent into madness is narrated through fragmented and poetic interior reflections that reveal her psychological collapse and loss of identity.

Similarly, Pauline’s narrative is sometimes introspective, exposing the conflicts between her internal desires and external realities.

These techniques give voice to marginalized and silenced characters, emphasizing subjectivity and emotional complexity.

Narrative Reliability and Ambiguity

Morrison’s narrative approach includes elements of ambiguity and unreliable narration, which complicate the reader’s understanding and demand critical engagement.

  • Claudia’s Childlike Perspective: While intimate, Claudia’s youthful narration is sometimes limited by her age and experience, offering partial insights rather than objective truth.
  • Omniscient Commentary vs. Character Narratives: The omniscient narrator’s authoritative voice contrasts with the personal, subjective character narrations, sometimes revealing contradictions or hidden truths.

This narrative interplay encourages readers to question dominant narratives about race, beauty, and identity and to recognize the complexities of truth in marginalized experiences.

Use of Language and Style

Morrison’s prose style is another key narrative technique that shapes the novel’s effect.

  • Poetic and Lyrical Language: The novel’s language often shifts between stark realism and lyrical beauty, reflecting the characters’ harsh realities and their inner emotional landscapes.
  • Code-Switching and Dialect: Morrison incorporates vernacular speech and African American idioms, grounding the narrative in its cultural milieu and enhancing authenticity.

This stylistic flexibility allows Morrison to convey both social critique and deep empathy.

Conclusion

The narrative technique in Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye is multifaceted and innovative, serving both thematic and emotional purposes. Through multiple narrators, non-linear chronology, symbolic imagery, interior monologues, and stylistic variation, Morrison constructs a rich, complex narrative that captures the fractured identities and painful realities of her characters.

This narrative complexity challenges readers to engage deeply with issues of race, beauty, trauma, and identity, making The Bluest Eye not only a profound work of fiction but also a powerful commentary on the societal forces that shape individual lives.

Morrison’s narrative strategy amplifies marginalized voices and destabilizes dominant cultural narratives, creating a novel that is as much about storytelling itself as it is about the story told. In doing so, she crafts a work that remains resonant, challenging, and essential in American literature.

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