FREE NIOS Sociology (331) 12th Solved Assignment 2025-26

SECTION – 1

Q1 (a) “Sociology is the scientific study of social relations, institutions, and society.” Explain.

Sociology systematically studies human relationships and the structures that govern them. It uses scientific observation and empirical methods to understand how individuals interact within groups, families, and communities. By analyzing institutions such as religion, education, and economy, sociology reveals how norms and values shape behavior. It helps us comprehend patterns of cooperation, conflict, and change in society. Hence, sociology is not based on assumptions but on evidence, making it a scientific study of human social life and institutions.

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Q2 (a) Describe how a social system is an orderly and systematic arrangement of social interaction.

A social system refers to an organized network of relationships among individuals and groups, bound by shared norms and values. Each member of the system performs specific roles and responsibilities that ensure social stability. For example, in a family, parents, children, and elders perform different yet interconnected roles that maintain harmony. Similarly, institutions like education, law, and economy function together to sustain order in society. Thus, a social system is not random but a structured arrangement promoting cooperation and predictability in social life.

Q3 (a) Describe how conflict is a social process, giving an example.

Conflict is a social process where individuals or groups compete for resources, power, or recognition. It arises when interests clash but also leads to change and innovation. For example, farmers demanding better prices or laborers asking for fair wages reflect social conflict that pushes society toward reform. Sociologists like Karl Marx viewed conflict as essential for progress, as it exposes inequality and compels structural improvement. Therefore, conflict, though disruptive, plays a constructive role in transforming society and ensuring justice.

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SECTION – 2

Q4 (a) “Norms can ease our life.” Justify with a relevant example.

Norms are shared rules of behavior that guide individual actions within society. They provide predictability, reduce uncertainty, and promote social harmony. For instance, norms related to traffic rules ensure safety and prevent chaos on roads. In families, norms about respect and cooperation create emotional stability. By defining acceptable and unacceptable behavior, norms minimize conflicts and make social interactions smoother. Without norms, every individual would act independently, leading to disorder. Hence, norms simplify life by offering a moral and behavioral framework that supports coordination and peace in daily living.

Q5 (a) “Language and Culture are inseparable.” Justify.

Language and culture are deeply interlinked; one cannot exist meaningfully without the other. Language is not just a means of communication but a carrier of cultural identity, traditions, and worldviews. It shapes how people think, express emotions, and interpret experiences. For example, Indian languages like Hindi, Tamil, and Bengali reflect the diversity of Indian culture through proverbs, rituals, and stories. Cultural transmission—from one generation to the next—occurs primarily through language. When a language declines, cultural heritage also weakens. Therefore, language acts as both a reflection and a preserver of culture, making them inseparable.

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SECTION – 3 Project Work

Q6. (a) Interview 10 females between the ages of 21–45 about the problems they face in their lives. Prepare a detailed report based on their responses.

Women today play multiple roles in society – as professionals, homemakers, caregivers, and social contributors. Despite the progress in gender equality, many women continue to face challenges in their personal, professional, and social lives. To understand the issues women face in contemporary society, I conducted interviews with 10 females aged between 21 and 45. The aim was to explore the social, economic, and personal problems affecting women in this age group and to prepare a report highlighting their experiences.

Profile of Respondents

S.No	Name (Fictitious)	Age	Occupation	Background (Urban/Rural)
1	Priya	23	Graduate Student	Urban
2	Anjali	28	IT Professional	Urban
3	Rekha	32	Teacher	Rural
4	Sunita	25	Homemaker	Urban
5	Meera	30	Nurse	Urban
6	Kavita	35	Small Business Owner	Rural
7	Radhika	27	Bank Employee	Urban
8	Neha	40	Office Manager	Urban
9	Sangeeta	38	Farmer	Rural
10	Jyoti	42	Social Worker	Urban

Key Areas of Challenges Identified

The interviews revealed a range of challenges, which were grouped into social, economic, personal, and health-related problems.

1. Social Challenges

Many respondents, particularly from rural areas, reported facing societal pressure and gender-based discrimination. Issues included:

• Restriction on decision-making within families.
• Expectations to prioritize household responsibilities over career ambitions.
• Social stigma for women working late or pursuing higher education.

Urban respondents also mentioned challenges such as balancing social expectations with modern lifestyles. Priya and Anjali highlighted pressure to conform to traditional norms while pursuing higher studies or professional careers.

2. Economic Challenges

Financial independence and workplace issues were prominent among working women. Common problems included:

• Wage disparity and unequal pay for equal work (reported by Radhika and Anjali).
• Difficulty in accessing loans and credit for business purposes (Kavita, Neha).
• Job insecurity and lack of maternity benefits in private sectors (Meera and Sunita).

Women in rural areas, such as Sangeeta and Rekha, reported limited opportunities for skilled work, forcing reliance on agriculture or informal labor.

3. Personal and Family-Related Challenges

Balancing family responsibilities with professional goals emerged as a significant concern. Issues included:

• Long working hours leading to limited family time (Neha, Radhika).
• Challenges in childcare and elderly care (Sunita, Meera).
• Pressure to marry or start a family at a socially prescribed age (Priya, Kavita).

Women running small businesses, such as Kavita, reported stress related to managing household and business simultaneously, impacting mental health.

4. Health-Related Challenges

Health problems were common due to stress, workload, and lack of awareness about preventive care. Respondents mentioned:

• Physical strain and fatigue from household and professional work (Sunita, Meera).
• Lack of regular health check-ups due to time constraints (Jyoti, Anjali).
• Reproductive health concerns and difficulty accessing medical facilities in rural areas (Rekha, Sangeeta).

Comparative Analysis

Challenge	Urban Women	Rural Women	Observation
Social Pressure	Moderate; family expectations	High; traditional norms dominate	Rural women face stronger social restrictions
Financial Independence	Moderate; wage disparity common	Low; fewer job opportunities	Urban women have more access to employment, rural women rely on agriculture/business
Work-Life Balance	High stress	Moderate stress	Urban women struggle with office-family balance; rural women with household-business balance
Health Awareness	Good but limited time	Limited access to healthcare	Rural women face higher health risks due to poor facilities

Findings

• Urban women face challenges related to career growth, work-life balance, and social expectations but have better access to education, healthcare, and financial resources.
• Rural women struggle with social restrictions, limited economic opportunities, and access to healthcare, making them more vulnerable to dependency and social inequalities.
• Common issues for all respondents included balancing personal and professional responsibilities, gender discrimination, and stress management.
• Access to education, awareness about rights, and supportive family environments positively influenced women’s ability to overcome challenges.

Conclusion and Recommendations

The study highlights that women face multidimensional challenges in social, economic, personal, and health spheres. Addressing these issues requires efforts from both the government and society. Some recommendations are:

1. Promote gender equality in workplaces through equal pay policies, maternity benefits, and flexible work hours.
2. Empower rural women by providing vocational training, access to credit, and entrepreneurship opportunities.
3. Raise awareness about women’s rights and health through community programs and educational campaigns.
4. Support work-life balance through childcare facilities and family support networks.
5. Encourage mental health and stress management through counseling, wellness programs, and recreational opportunities.

Understanding and addressing these challenges will help create an environment where women can achieve personal, professional, and social growth, contributing positively to society.

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