FREE NIOS Psychology (328) Solved Assignment 2025-26

Q1 (a) Using Bronfenbrenner’s model, explain how interactions between different social agents influence an individual’s career choices.

ANS : Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory explains how a person’s development is shaped by multiple environmental systems. In the microsystem, parents, teachers, and peers directly influence a child’s career aspirations through guidance and expectations. The mesosystem connects these influences — for instance, supportive communication between parents and teachers strengthens motivation. The exosystem, such as parents’ workplaces or community norms, affects opportunities indirectly. The macrosystem includes cultural values and media portrayals that shape ideals of success. For example, a child exposed to engineers at home and in media may aspire to pursue engineering, but may later shift toward creative fields if peer influence becomes stronger.

Q2 (a) In today’s digital world, people seek validation on social media. Where would you place the need for social media recognition in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs—under esteem needs or belongingness needs? Justify your answer.

ANS ; The need for social media recognition lies between belongingness and esteem needs in Maslow’s hierarchy. When individuals seek likes, comments, or followers, they are looking for social acceptance and inclusion, satisfying belongingness needs. However, when they seek praise, popularity, or influence, it fulfills esteem needs—boosting self-worth and confidence. Thus, digital validation serves both levels: it connects people socially while also affirming their self-image. For instance, teenagers often post photos to feel part of their peer group (belongingness) and to gain admiration for their appearance or lifestyle (esteem). Hence, social media blends these two motivational levels.

Buy NIOS Solved Handwritten Assignment :-

Q3 (a) Steps to make your neighborhood inclusive and welcoming for everyone, including people with disabilities.

ANS : Creating an inclusive neighborhood begins with awareness and accessibility. Public spaces like parks, shops, and community halls should have ramps, wide pathways, and handrails to support mobility. Organizing community programs that celebrate diversity—such as cultural events or awareness drives—encourages acceptance. Residents can learn basic sign language or offer assistance when needed, promoting empathy. Schools and local groups should involve children with disabilities in activities, ensuring equal participation. Building a respectful environment, free from stereotypes or pity, helps everyone feel valued. Inclusion is not just physical accessibility but also emotional acceptance and active social participation.

Q4 (a) Track your daily activities for a week and identify habits that harm the environment. What small but significant changes can you make to reduce your ecological footprint?

ANS : When we observe our daily routines, we often notice several habits that harm the environment—such as overusing plastic bags, leaving lights and fans on unnecessarily, wasting water, or relying heavily on packaged foods. Each of these behaviors increases our ecological footprint, meaning the pressure we put on nature’s resources.

To reduce this, we can begin with small but consistent lifestyle changes. Carrying reusable bags, bottles, and containers helps cut down plastic waste. Switching to energy-efficient LED bulbs, unplugging electronics when not in use, and using natural daylight reduce electricity consumption. Conserving water by fixing leaks and using buckets instead of showers saves large quantities daily. Choosing local and seasonal foods instead of imported packaged ones lowers carbon emissions caused by transportation.

Composting kitchen waste and segregating garbage into biodegradable and non-biodegradable parts supports recycling. Using public transport, bicycles, or carpooling can minimize air pollution. Educating family members about these habits multiplies their impact.

These small efforts, when practiced regularly, make a significant difference. They cultivate environmental responsibility and set an example for others in the community. Protecting the environment doesn’t always require big actions—it begins with conscious choices in our homes and daily lives.

Q5 (a) Elina and her twin sister have different personalities and interests—explain using heredity and environment.

ANS : Elina and her twin sister share the same genetic material, yet their differing personalities and interests can be explained through the interaction of heredity and environment. Heredity determines basic traits such as physical appearance, intelligence potential, and temperament, inherited from parents. However, environmental factors—like education, family interactions, peer influence, and cultural exposure—shape how these traits develop and are expressed.

Even within the same home, twins may experience the environment differently. For example, one twin may receive more encouragement for creative activities, while the other is appreciated for academic achievements. Such differential reinforcement affects self-concept and interests. Peer groups, teachers, and life experiences also add unique influences. Environmental stimuli activate or suppress genetic tendencies, explaining why genetically identical individuals often display contrasting behaviors.

For instance, if Elina’s sister spends more time in outdoor group activities, she may develop strong leadership and social skills, whereas Elina, exposed to art and books, may nurture creativity and introspection. Both pathways are shaped by their unique environmental experiences interacting with genetic potential.

In conclusion, personality development is not purely inherited or entirely environmental—it’s a dynamic combination of both. Heredity provides the foundation, while the environment builds and refines individuality through continuous interaction and learning.

Buy NIOS Solved Handwritten Assignment :-

Q6 (a) Interview five individuals from different backgrounds (e.g., urban vs. rural, nuclear vs. joint family) and compare how their developmental journeys differ based on their environments. Create a comparative report highlighting differences in socialization, learning, and life experiences.

ANS :  Project Report on: Comparative Study of Human Development Based on Environmental Differences

Human development is a continuous process influenced by several factors such as family environment, social background, education, and cultural setting. Each individual grows and develops uniquely, shaped by both biological and environmental influences. The family structure (nuclear or joint) and living environment (urban or rural) play a crucial role in determining a person’s developmental journey. To understand this, a small study was conducted through interviews with five individuals from different backgrounds—urban vs. rural and nuclear vs. joint families. This report analyzes how their developmental experiences, socialization patterns, and learning differ based on their environments.

Profiles of the Participants

1. Ananya (Age 10, Urban, Nuclear Family): Lives in a city with working parents and studies in a private school. Has access to modern education and digital tools.
2. Ravi (Age 14, Rural, Joint Family): Lives in a village with grandparents and cousins. Studies in a government school and helps in family farming activities.
3. Meena (Age 28, Urban, Joint Family): Works as a schoolteacher. Lives with parents, husband, and siblings in a large family home in a metropolitan city.
4. Suresh (Age 35, Rural, Nuclear Family): Works as a shopkeeper in a small town. Lives with his wife and two children.
5. Kamla Devi (Age 65, Rural, Joint Family): Retired homemaker living in a large joint family. Has witnessed social and economic transformation over the decades.

Socialization Process

Socialization refers to how individuals learn cultural norms, values, and behaviors. Urban participants such as Ananya and Meena were highly influenced by education, peer groups, media, and extracurricular activities. They had more exposure to technology and global ideas. In contrast, rural participants like Ravi, Suresh, and Kamla Devi were socialized mainly through family, community, and traditional customs. Joint families played a significant role in teaching cooperation, respect for elders, and cultural traditions. Urban individuals tend to develop independent thinking and confidence due to exposure to diverse opinions, while rural individuals exhibit strong community bonds and respect for collective living.

Learning and Educational Experiences

Ananya and Meena benefited from better schooling facilities, English education, and online learning tools. Learning was structured and technology-driven, with opportunities for extracurricular growth such as music, art, and sports. Rural participants like Ravi and Suresh had limited access to educational resources. While government schools provided basic education, lack of digital tools restricted exposure. Learning often occurred through observation and participation in household or occupational activities. Kamla Devi, belonging to an earlier generation, had minimal formal education but acquired traditional knowledge and life skills through experience. Urban environments promote formal and digital education, while rural settings focus on practical, experience-based learning.

Family Environment and Emotional Development

In nuclear families such as those of Ananya and Suresh, children were encouraged to develop autonomy and decision-making skills. However, emotional support was limited to parents, leading to a more individualistic lifestyle. In joint families like those of Ravi, Meena, and Kamla Devi, emotional development was strongly influenced by the presence of multiple caregivers. Children learned cooperation, sharing, and respect, and elderly members provided moral and ethical guidance. Joint families nurture emotional security and collective identity, while nuclear families promote independence and responsibility.

Life Experiences and Social Differences

Urban participants experienced fast-paced lives, career-oriented goals, and competitive education systems. Rural participants had simpler lifestyles focused on social relationships, agriculture, and local occupations. Urban individuals faced challenges like stress and limited family time, while rural individuals dealt with economic limitations and fewer job opportunities. From a gender perspective, Meena and Ananya expressed greater awareness about gender equality and career ambitions. In contrast, Kamla Devi highlighted how traditional gender roles defined her life choices, while Ravi and Suresh reflected gradual social change in attitudes toward women’s education and employment.

Comparative Analysis Table

Aspect	Urban Nuclear (Ananya)	Rural Joint (Ravi)	Urban Joint (Meena)	Rural Nuclear (Suresh)	Rural Joint Elderly (Kamla Devi)
Education	Modern, digital learning	Limited resources	Higher education	Basic schooling	Minimal formal education
Socialization	Peer & media influence	Family & community	Balanced (family & society)	Limited circle	Traditional values
Emotional Support	Parents only	Multi-member family	Strong emotional ties	Moderate	Strong family bonds
Occupation Focus	Academic & career	Agriculture & school	Professional career	Small business	Homemaking
Exposure	High (internet, city life)	Low	High	Moderate	Low

Findings and Analysis

The study revealed that environment and family structure significantly shape human development. Urban individuals showed higher cognitive and career orientation due to exposure and education. Rural participants displayed better community engagement, resilience, and moral values. Joint families ensured emotional support and cultural continuity, while nuclear families promoted independence and adaptability. Environmental and social backgrounds thus determine not only opportunities but also the personality, behavior, and worldview of individuals.

Conclusion

The comparative study shows that both urban and rural environments contribute uniquely to human development. Urban settings promote intellectual and professional growth, while rural settings strengthen emotional and social values. Similarly, joint families nurture collective harmony, and nuclear families develop self-reliance. A balanced approach—combining the emotional richness of traditional systems with the progressiveness of modern education—can lead to holistic human development in India.

Buy NIOS Solved Handwritten Assignment :-

 Follow For Updates: senrigbookhouse

Read Also : 

• FREE NIOS Computer Science (330) Solved Assignment 2025-26