IGNOU BEGE 143 Solved Assignment 2022-23

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Submission Date :

31st March 2033 (if enrolled in the July 2033 Session)
30th Sept, 2033 (if enrolled in the January 2033 session).

Answer all the questions.

Section A

Q. I Write short notes in about 200 words each:

(i) Symbol of Chinar in Daruwalla’s poem

‘Hawk’ has been taken from The Keeper of the Dead published in 1982. You will see that it is about how a hawk is trained as a hunting bird but you can also read it as describing human behaviour. You will notice that throughout the poem the poet has used ‘he’ for the hawk giving it a kind of human identity. This bird of prey projects an image of violence that is a common pattern of behaviour in human society. You can take the hawk as a symbol of the destructive instinct in man. But you may also feel that the bird objectifies the spirit of rebellion against the established order. The poem, as you must have noticed, is divided into four sections. The opening section catches the hawk at an intense moment of killing. The wild hawk, a powerful bird of prey, is seen hunting other birds in the morning.

It has speed. When it flies up in the sky it seems to drill a hole into it. Then we are made to see the world as appears to the hawk from the height. To him the land seems covered with a thin film of salt. You know that if there is too much salt in the soil, no vegetation will grow there. Similarly, when the hawk is prowling about in the sky, no ‘grass-seed, insect, bird’ can thrive. We are told that this hawk is driven by hatred which is like the burning fuse of a bomb ready to go off. In the evening too, the hawk hovers above ‘the groves’ looking for prey. From the ground he looks like a speck but he is a speck of ‘barbed passion’, always ready to kill. Birds like crows, mynahs or pigeons are roosting below. When a parakeet becomes aware of the hawk’s presence it flies away ‘raucously’. You will notice that by hinting at the silence of the roosting birds and describing the noise made by a flying parakeet, the poet creates a sense of lurking danger in the form of the hawk. We feel that at any moment, the hawk may swoop down on the birds. He has been compared to a rapist in the harem of the sky. He picks up birds at will.

As he holds a pigeon in his talons, he scans the other birds and tries to decide which bird he will pick up next. The wild, predatory hawk is burning with hatred which is like a cup in which the smaller birds are the ‘dregs’ that he scoops up. The second section describes how a hawk is tamed. Such a hawk is much more destructive because he has been ‘touched by the hand of man’. What does the expression mean? Does it mean that because man has trained the hawk to kill, it has become more lethal that the one in nature? Or, could it mean that anything that man touches grows worse than what it was? You will see that both these interpretations are plausible. These two interpretations will take your argument in two different directions. The first interpretation will make you believe that training leads to greater effectiveness; the other will suggest that the poet has a rather unflattering view of the moral qualities of the modern man.

The poem then describes how a hawk is trained to hunt. The training is a painful and frustrating experience for the hawk. His eyes are covered: ‘his eyelids are sewn with silk’. The word ‘sewn’ suggests the pain that the young hawk has to go through. You must have come across the expression ‘eagle-eyed’. The hawk’s most precious possession is his remarkable eyesight but that is taken away from him temporarily so that he can be trained. The next few lines describe how the hawk is given back his sense of sight bit by bit. The poet uses the metaphor of food when he says that ‘morsels of vision are fed to his eyes’. When the hawk can see again, he is fully trained to kill at the command of his master. The hawk’s destructiveness is suggested when his eye is described as ‘the eye of the storm’.

(ii) Metaphor of death in ‘Ode to Bombay’.

Dilip Chitre was a bilingual (who considered himself pluri-lingual) poet, translator, painter and film maker. This Indian writer in English is a recipient of Sahitya Akademi Award for both translation and poetry in 1994. He was determined to show the world who Indians’ Shakespeare, Racine and Dostoevsky are. His passion for music, photography, drawing and painting was propelled by his entry into Bombay. His entry into Bombay and the entry of Bombay into his poetry almost happened simultaneously. Bombay city figures in many of his poems. The range of the themes he deals with is diverse.

In this regard Patke (2016: 258) says, ‘Chitre has often declared eclecticism an asset for the contemporary Indian poet.’ Bombay, an island city, city of dreams may be perceived in terms of Michel Foucault’s urban theory of ‘Heterotopia’. It meant different things to different writers. For example Rohinton Mistry and Nissim Ezekiel found it productive yet incompatible. Rohinton Mistry in his film ‘Such a Long Journey’ refers to Bombay as ‘a golden nest with no place to rest’. Modern poets including Dilip Chitre vent the paradox associated with Bombay. In Dilip Chitre’s poetry Bombay is portrayed without her make-up. In a confessional mode he picturized the contamination and filthiness of the city, modern Indian chaos for which it stands and hellish tensions it gives. He never hesitated to portray harsh realities, instead he rejected to beautify the ugly world.

‘Ode To Bombay’ portrays conflicts of modern life. It presents the poet speaker’s fractured self, undoing of life and his preoccupation with death in storming, violent images and intense metaphors. It picturizes its many voices, luxuries and discordance, its nature of not admitting any barrier and lack of human values also. It also unfolds his desperate need for expression. Once he promised a poem to Bombay before his death. But the verse is tersely terminated in the middle. Instead of giving it took so much from him and he is reduced to ashes. He lived in its vicious atmosphere of crowded apartments, human beings as meditating machines, the ambivalent positioning of the temples and brothels on the same street, murders and riots, etc. And he is struggling to come out of it. His fiery death has reduced him to diamonds from coal.

CONCLUSION:

Thus the use of linguistic elements in ‘Ode To Bombay’ at phonological, lexical, syntactic and semantic level is investigated and style features are identified. These elements at micro and macro level with respect to their communicative value and effect in the context of the poem are analyzed. The analysis shows that the essential meaning of ‘Ode To Bombay’ is expressed through a particular selection and specific arrangement of linguistic forms. This investigation and analysis yield interpretation of the poem leading to the development of teaching material.

Section B

Q. II Answer the following questions in about 300 words each:

(i) We can die by it, if not live by love,
And if unfit for tombs and hearse
Our legend be, it will be fit for verse;

(ii) A damsel with a dulcimer
In a vision once I saw:
It was an Abyssinian maid
And on her dulcimer she played,

(iii) Today my son told me
That in the meadows,
At the edge of the heavy woods
In the distance, he saw
trees of white flowers.

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Section C

Q. III Answer the following questions in about 800 words each:

1. Discuss the structural elements in the poems ‘A Dead Baby’ and ‘A Widow’s Lament in Springtime.’
2. Kolatkar had deployed the form of the fable to comment on the political reality of India at the time. Discuss.
3. Analyse Jyoti Lanjewar’s poetry as the voice of protest.
4. Analyse the relationship between Santhal writing and nature from her poems you have read in your block.

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