IGNOU MPYE 001 Free Solved Assignment 2022-23, IGNOU MPYE 001 Logic Free Solved Assignment 2022-23 If you are interested in pursuing a course in radio production and direction, IGNOU MPYE 001 can be an excellent choice. In this article, we will take a closer look at what IGNOU MPYE 001 is all about and what you can expect to learn from this course.
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IGNOU MPYE 001 Free Solved Assignment 2022-23 is a course offered by the Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) under the School of Journalism and New Media Studies. As the name suggests, it is a course on “Production and Direction for Radio.” The course is designed to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of radio production and direction and covers various topics related to this field. IGNOU MPYE 001 Free Solved Assignment 2022-23
IGNOU MPYE 001 Free Solved Assignment 2022-23
Q1. Write an essay on Logical gates, showing their graphical symbols and representation in Truth table.
Logical gates are electronic circuits that are used to manipulate and control digital signals. They are essential components of digital systems and are used to perform various logical operations such as AND, OR, NOT, XOR, NAND, and NOR. These operations are performed by combining one or more input signals and producing an output signal based on a set of logical rules. In this essay, we will discuss the graphical symbols and truth tables of the most common logical gates.
The AND gate is one of the simplest and most commonly used logical gates. Its symbol is a triangle pointing upwards, and its truth table shows that it produces an output signal only when both of its input signals are high (i.e., equal to 1). The graphical symbol and truth table of the AND gate are shown below:
AND gate symbol:
______
A ---| |
| AND |
B ---|______|A | B | Out
—+—+—–
0 | 0 | 0
0 | 1 | 0
1 | 0 | 0
1 | 1 | 1
The OR gate is another common logical gate. Its symbol is a triangle pointing downwards, and its truth table shows that it produces an output signal when either one or both of its input signals are high. The graphical symbol and truth table of the OR gate are shown below:
OR gate symbol:
____
A ---| |
| OR |
B ---|____|A | B | Out
—+—+—–
0 | 0 | 0
0 | 1 | 1
1 | 0 | 1
1 | 1 | 1
The NOT gate, also known as an inverter, is a gate that produces an output signal that is the opposite of its input signal. Its symbol is a small circle, and its truth table shows that it produces an output signal that is the opposite of its input signal. The graphical symbol and truth table of the NOT gate are shown below:
NOT gate symbol:
____
A ---| |
| NOT|
Out--|____|A | Out
–+—-
0 | 1
1 | 0
The XOR gate is a gate that produces an output signal when either one or the other of its input signals are high, but not both. Its symbol is a triangle with a curved line extending from it, and its truth table shows that it produces an output signal only when one of its input signals is high, but not both. The graphical symbol and truth table of the XOR gate are shown below:
XOR gate symbol:
____ ____
A ---| | | |
| XOR|-----| |
B ---|____| |____|A | B | Out
–+—+—–
0 | 0 | 0
0 | 1 | 1
1 | 0 | 1
1 | 1 | 0
The NAND gate is a gate that produces an output signal that is the opposite of an AND gate. Its symbol is an AND gate with a small circle on the output line, and its truth table shows that it produces an output signal only when one or both of its input signals are low. The graphical symbol and truth table of the NAND gate are shown below:
NAND gate symbol:
______
A ---| |
| NAND |
B ---|_O____|A | B | Out
—+—+—–
0 | 0 | 1
0 | 1
a) Some pens are pencils. Some pencils are blue. Therefore some pens are blue.
The conclusion “Therefore some pens are blue” does not logically follow from the premises “Some pens are pencils” and “Some pencils are blue.”
While it is true that some pens can be pencils and some pencils can be blue, this does not necessarily mean that there exists a pen that is blue. The premises only provide information about some of the pens and pencils, but not all of them.
For example, it is possible that all the pens that are pencils are not blue, or that all the blue pencils are not pens. Therefore, it is not valid to conclude that some pens are blue based on the given premises.
The conclusion “Some Scientists are poets” cannot be logically inferred from the given premises.
The given premises are:
- No scientist is musician.
- All musicians are poets.
From the first premise, we can infer that there is no overlap between scientists and musicians. That is, there are no scientists who are also musicians.
From the second premise, we can infer that all musicians are poets. That is, if someone is a musician, then they are also a poet.
However, we cannot logically infer from these two premises that some scientists are poets. The two groups (scientists and musicians/poets) do not overlap, so there is no possibility of some scientists also being poets.
Therefore, the given argument is invalid.
The argument you presented is valid.
All dogs are indeed animals, and some animals are wild animals. So, it is possible to conclude that some dogs are not wild animals.
To understand why the argument is valid, you can break it down into two premises and a conclusion:
Premise 1: All dogs are animals. Premise 2: Some animals are wild animals. Conclusion: Therefore, some dogs are not wild animals.
This is an example of a valid deductive argument, where the conclusion necessarily follows from the premises. However, it’s worth noting that the argument is not necessarily true, as the premises may not accurately reflect reality.
Quantification Theory, also known as Predicate Logic or First-Order Logic, is a formal system for reasoning about statements that involve variables and quantifiers. It extends propositional logic by allowing us to make statements about objects, rather than just truth values.
In Quantification Theory, variables are used to represent objects, and quantifiers are used to specify the scope of the variables. There are two types of quantifiers: the existential quantifier (∃), which indicates that there exists at least one object that satisfies a certain condition, and the universal quantifier (∀), which indicates that all objects satisfy a certain condition.
For example, the statement “All dogs bark” can be represented in Quantification Theory as ∀x(Dog(x) → Bark(x)), where Dog(x) means “x is a dog” and Bark(x) means “x barks”. The ∀x means “for all x”, so the statement as a whole means “for all x, if x is a dog, then x barks”.
Quantification Theory is widely used in mathematics, computer science, and philosophy, among other fields, to reason about objects and their properties in a precise and systematic way.
The statement “All substances have qualities. Some qualities have actions. Therefore, some substances have actions” is logically valid.
The first premise, “All substances have qualities,” is a general statement that indicates that every substance possesses some characteristics or attributes that define it.
The second premise, “Some qualities have actions,” suggests that certain qualities of substances can lead to specific actions or effects.
From these two premises, we can conclude that “some substances have actions” since the qualities that substances possess can result in specific actions or effects.
Therefore, the argument is logically valid, and we can say that some substances have actions based on their qualities.
The argument you presented is an example of a categorical syllogism, which is a logical argument consisting of three categorical propositions that contain two premises and a conclusion. The argument you presented is as follows:
Premise 1: Some politicians are doctors. Premise 2: All doctors are not good orators. Conclusion: Therefore, some politicians are good orators.
The argument is invalid because the conclusion does not necessarily follow from the premises. The first premise indicates that there is some overlap between the groups of politicians and doctors, but it does not imply anything about the oratory skills of politicians or doctors. The second premise indicates that all doctors are not good orators, but it does not imply anything about the oratory skills of politicians. Therefore, the conclusion that some politicians are good orators cannot be logically derived from the two premises.
In summary, the argument you presented is invalid and cannot be used to support the conclusion that some politicians are good orators.
The square of opposition is a diagram that shows the logical relationships between four types of categorical propositions. These propositions are based on the quality and quantity of the subject and predicate terms of the proposition. The square of opposition is an important tool for understanding basic logic and can be used to evaluate the validity of arguments.
The four categorical propositions are: A propositions, E propositions, I propositions, and O propositions. A propositions are universal affirmatives, meaning they assert that all members of a class have a particular property. E propositions are universal negatives, meaning they assert that no members of a class have a particular property. I propositions are particular affirmatives, meaning they assert that some members of a class have a particular property. O propositions are particular negatives, meaning they assert that some members of a class do not have a particular property.
The square of opposition is a diagram that shows the relationships between these four types of propositions. The diagram consists of a square with four quadrants. The top left quadrant contains A propositions, the top right quadrant contains E propositions, the bottom left quadrant contains I propositions, and the bottom right quadrant contains O propositions. Each quadrant is connected to the quadrant diagonally opposite it by two lines that intersect in the center of the square. These lines represent the logical relationships between the propositions.
The first relationship is called contrariety, which is the relationship between A and E propositions. Contrariety asserts that if an A proposition is true, then the corresponding E proposition is false, and vice versa. For example, the A proposition “All dogs are mammals” is contrary to the E proposition “No dogs are mammals.” Both of these propositions cannot be true at the same time.
The second relationship is called subcontrariety, which is the relationship between I and O propositions. Subcontrariety asserts that if an I proposition is true, then the corresponding O proposition may or may not be true, and vice versa. For example, the I proposition “Some dogs are friendly” is subcontrary to the O proposition “Some dogs are not friendly.” It is possible for both of these propositions to be true at the same time.
The third relationship is called contradiction, which is the relationship between A and O propositions and between E and I propositions. Contradiction asserts that if an A proposition is true, then the corresponding O proposition is false, and vice versa. Similarly, if an E proposition is true, then the corresponding I proposition is false, and vice versa. For example, the A proposition “All dogs are mammals” contradicts the O proposition “Some dogs are not mammals.” Both of these propositions cannot be true at the same time.
The fourth relationship is called subalternation, which is the relationship between A and I propositions and between E and O propositions. Subalternation asserts that if an A proposition is true, then the corresponding I proposition is also true, and if an E proposition is true, then the corresponding O proposition is also true. For example, if the A proposition “All dogs are mammals” is true, then the I proposition “Some dogs are mammals” must also be true. Similarly, if the E proposition “No dogs are mammals” is true, then the O proposition “Some dogs are not mammals” must also be true.
In conclusion, the square of opposition is a useful tool for understanding the logical relationships between categorical propositions. It provides a framework for evaluating the validity of arguments and can be used to identify contradictions and inconsistencies in reasoning. By understanding the relationships between the four types of propositions and the logical implications of each relationship, we can develop better critical thinking skills and make more informed decisions.
Boolean Algebra is a branch of algebra that deals with variables that can take only two values, usually denoted as 0 and 1, which represent false and true, respectively. The algebraic operations in Boolean Algebra are based on logical operations such as conjunction, disjunction, and negation.
The two most common operations in Boolean Algebra are AND (conjunction) and OR (disjunction). In the case of AND, the result is 1 (true) only if both operands are 1; otherwise, the result is 0 (false). On the other hand, in the case of OR, the result is 1 (true) if at least one of the operands is 1; otherwise, the result is 0 (false).
Negation is another important operation in Boolean Algebra. It is represented by a bar or an apostrophe, e.g., ¬a or a’. Negation produces the opposite value of the operand. If the operand is 1, negation produces 0, and if the operand is 0, negation produces 1.
Boolean Algebra finds a wide range of applications in computer science, especially in digital logic design. Boolean expressions are used to represent logical operations, and Boolean functions are used to design circuits that perform specific tasks. The use of Boolean Algebra allows for the simplification of complex circuits and helps to improve their efficiency.
In summary, Boolean Algebra is a fundamental concept in mathematics and computer science, which deals with logical operations involving binary variables. It is used extensively in digital logic design, and its applications are crucial to the functioning of modern-day computing devices.
The fallacy of undistributed middle term is a logical fallacy that occurs in categorical syllogisms. It happens when the middle term of a syllogism is not distributed in either the major or the minor premise, but is then distributed in the conclusion.
In other words, the fallacy of undistributed middle term occurs when a syllogism has a middle term that is not specified or quantified in one or both of the premises, but then is assumed to be true for the conclusion.
Here is an example of the fallacy of undistributed middle term:
Premise 1: All dogs are animals. Premise 2: All cats are animals. Conclusion: Therefore, all dogs are cats.
In this example, the middle term “animals” is undistributed in both premises. The conclusion assumes that since both dogs and cats are animals, they must be the same thing, which is not necessarily true. This is a fallacy because it does not logically follow from the premises.
To avoid the fallacy of undistributed middle term, both premises of a syllogism must distribute the middle term at least once.
Q4. Answer any four questions in about 150 words each. (Word limit is only for theory related questions)
b) State the differences between monadic and dyadic models.
c) Write a note on the problems of induction.
d) Write an essay on the fallacy of presumption.
e) Symbolize the followings using quantifiers.
ii) Some students of ignou are government employee.
iii) All horses are not mammals.
iv) Some pencils are not blue.
v) Some dogs are cats.
b) Disjunction
c) Implication
d) Contrary
e) Modus Tollens
f) Mood
g) Fuzzy-genetic Algorithms
h) Contradiction