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IGNOU BPSC 132 Question Paper

Assignment I

Answer the following questions in about 500 words each.

Q1. Discuss the essential features of the Indian Constitution.

The Indian Constitution, adopted on January 26, 1950, is one of the lengthiest and most detailed constitutions in the world. It is the supreme law of India, providing the framework for the governance of the country. Here are some essential features of the Indian Constitution:

Preamble: The preamble of the Indian Constitution embodies the ideals and objectives of the Constitution, including justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity.

Federal Structure with Unitary Features: The Indian Constitution establishes a federal structure with powers divided between the central government and the states. However, it also contains unitary features, particularly in times of emergencies when the central government’s authority increases significantly.

Parliamentary System: India follows the parliamentary system of government, where the President is the nominal head of state, and the Prime Minister is the head of government. The Parliament consists of two houses – the Lok Sabha (House of the People) and the Rajya Sabha (Council of States).

Fundamental Rights: The Constitution guarantees fundamental rights to all citizens, including the right to equality, right to freedom, right against exploitation, right to freedom of religion, cultural and educational rights, and the right to constitutional remedies.

Directive Principles of State Policy: The Directive Principles are guidelines for the state to establish social and economic democracy in India. Though not legally enforceable, they are fundamental to governance and the interpretation of laws.

Independent Judiciary: The Indian Constitution establishes an independent judiciary with the Supreme Court at the apex. The judiciary has the power of judicial review and safeguards the Constitution by interpreting laws and settling disputes between the center and states.

Secularism: India is a secular state, which means there is no official state religion, and all religions are treated equally by the state. The Constitution guarantees freedom of religion to all citizens.

Universal Adult Franchise: The Indian Constitution provides for universal adult suffrage, ensuring every citizen above a certain age has the right to vote, irrespective of caste, creed, religion, or gender.

Rigid and Flexible Amendments: While the Indian Constitution is largely rigid, requiring a special majority for amendments, certain provisions can be amended with a simple majority, ensuring a balance between stability and adaptability.

Reservation Policies: The Constitution provides for affirmative action through reservation policies for historically marginalized groups, such as Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Classes, to promote their socio-economic development.

Emergency Provisions: The Constitution includes provisions for three types of emergencies – national emergency, state emergency (President’s Rule), and financial emergency – granting the central government extensive powers during such situations.

Local Self-Government: The Constitution provides for a system of local self-government through Panchayats and Municipalities, ensuring democratic decentralization and grassroots participation in governance.

These features collectively form the backbone of the Indian Constitution, providing a comprehensive framework for the functioning of the Indian state and society.

Q2. Explain the functions and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and High Courts.