The concept of human rights has deep theoretical and philosophical roots that have evolved over centuries. Different philosophical traditions and thinkers have contributed to the development and justification of human rights. Here are some key theoretical and philosophical bases for the concept of human rights:

1. Natural Law:
   • Idea: Derived from the belief that certain rights are inherent in human nature and can be discerned through reason or divine revelation.
   • Contributors: Thinkers like Thomas Aquinas argued that there are fundamental moral principles that are universal and applicable to all human beings.
2. Enlightenment Philosophy:
   • Idea: Emerged during the Enlightenment period, emphasizing reason, individualism, and the inherent dignity and equality of all humans.
   • Contributors: John Locke’s concept of natural rights, including the right to life, liberty, and property, greatly influenced the idea of human rights. Other Enlightenment thinkers like Voltaire and Rousseau also contributed to the discourse.
3. Kantian Ethics:
   • Idea: Immanuel Kant’s ethical philosophy emphasizes the inherent worth and dignity of every individual, arguing that humans should be treated as ends in themselves, not as means to an end.
   • Contributors: Kant’s emphasis on the autonomy and moral agency of individuals influenced the development of human rights concepts.
4. Utilitarianism:
   • Idea: Proposed by thinkers like Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, utilitarianism focuses on maximizing overall happiness or well-being.
   • Contributors: While not strictly focused on rights, utilitarianism has influenced discussions on human rights by emphasizing the importance of individual well-being and minimizing suffering.
5. Social Contract Theory:
   • Idea: Developed by philosophers like Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Thomas Hobbes, the social contract theory posits that individuals voluntarily come together to form a society and agree to abide by certain rules for the common good.
   • Contributors: The idea of a social contract provides a basis for understanding the relationship between individuals and the state, as well as the protection of individual rights.
6. International Humanitarian Law:
   • Idea: Developed in response to the atrocities of war, international humanitarian law seeks to protect individuals during armed conflicts.
   • Contributors: Legal frameworks like the Geneva Conventions and the development of international human rights law have played a crucial role in codifying and protecting human rights on a global scale.
7. Dignity and Equality:
   • Idea: Emphasizes the inherent dignity and equality of all individuals, irrespective of factors such as race, gender, or religion.
   • Contributors: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the United Nations in 1948, reflects these principles and has been instrumental in shaping contemporary human rights discourse.
8. Feminist Perspectives:
   • Idea: Feminist philosophers have critiqued traditional human rights theories for being gender-biased and have emphasized the importance of recognizing and addressing gender-based discrimination.
   • Contributors: Feminist scholars like Simone de Beauvoir and later thinkers have contributed to a more inclusive understanding of human rights that considers the experiences of all individuals.

These philosophical bases provide a foundation for understanding and justifying the concept of human rights, which has become a cornerstone of modern ethical and legal frameworks worldwide.