The history and growth of applied anthropology since 1945 have been marked by significant developments, changes in focus, and an expanding role in addressing real-world problems. Applied anthropology refers to the practical application of anthropological knowledge and methods to solve contemporary issues and improve the human condition.

1. Post-World War II Period (1945-1960s):
   • After World War II, there was a growing recognition of the need for social and cultural understanding in various contexts, including development projects, international relations, and community planning.
   • The Marshall Plan and other reconstruction efforts led to the involvement of anthropologists in projects related to economic development, health, and education.
   • The 1950s saw the establishment of applied anthropology as a distinct subfield, with the founding of organizations like the Society for Applied Anthropology (SfAA) in 1941.
2. Development Anthropology (1960s-1970s):
   • During the 1960s and 1970s, applied anthropology became closely associated with development projects and programs in the Global South.
   • Anthropologists engaged in projects aimed at addressing poverty, health disparities, agricultural practices, and cultural barriers to development.
   • Critiques emerged regarding the cultural biases in development initiatives and the imposition of Western ideas on non-Western societies.
3. Crisis and Social Issues (1980s-1990s):
   • In the 1980s and 1990s, applied anthropology expanded its focus to address social issues and crises, such as refugee and migration studies, environmental concerns, and human rights.
   • Anthropologists worked with NGOs, government agencies, and international organizations to address issues like displacement, environmental degradation, and social justice.
4. Participatory Action Research (PAR) and Collaboration (2000s-2010s):
   • The turn of the 21st century saw a shift toward participatory approaches, emphasizing collaboration with local communities in research and intervention design.
   • Participatory Action Research (PAR) became a prominent methodology, involving community members in the research process and empowering them to actively participate in decision-making.
   • Applied anthropologists increasingly worked in interdisciplinary teams, collaborating with professionals from fields such as public health, sociology, and environmental science.
5. Globalization and Technology (2010s-Present):
   • Globalization and advancements in technology have facilitated the exchange of ideas and methodologies in applied anthropology.
   • Applied anthropologists are increasingly engaged in addressing global challenges such as climate change, urbanization, and the impacts of technology on societies.
   • The digital era has opened new avenues for research, advocacy, and communication, allowing applied anthropologists to have a broader reach and impact.
6. Ethical Considerations and Reflexivity:
   • Contemporary applied anthropology places a strong emphasis on ethical considerations, cultural sensitivity, and reflexivity.
   • Anthropologists recognize the importance of understanding their own biases and the potential impact of their work on communities, striving for collaborative and ethical research practices.

In summary, the growth of applied anthropology since 1945 has been marked by a dynamic evolution from development-oriented projects to a broader engagement with social issues, emphasizing collaboration, participatory approaches, and ethical considerations in addressing global challenges. Today, applied anthropology continues to play a crucial role in addressing complex societal problems and promoting positive social change.